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Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya (view source)

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|title=Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya

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|keywords=Rakta, rakta visravana, sanyasa sangyavahi srotas, vegetative state, shonita, sadyaphala kriya, sangyaprabodhanam, pure blood, blood vitiating factors, coma, syncope, intoxication, drug addiction

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|keywords=Rakta, rakta visravana, sanyasa sangyavahi srotas, vegetative state, shonita, sadyaphala kriya, sangyaprabodhanam, pure blood, blood vitiating factors, coma, syncope, intoxication, drug addiction, blood, charak samhita, ayurveda

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 24. Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders

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=== Introduction ===

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== Introduction ==

In the previous chapters of ''Yojana Chatushka'' (tetrad on management protocol), procedures for the management of disorders caused due to vitiation of three ''doshas'' were described. In continuation, the present chapter describes the management principles of disorders due to ''shonita'' (blood) vitiation. Formation of pure blood is very important for survival because blood is vital for sustaining life [1,2]. Origin, development, and survival of the body depend on blood [3]. Various etiological factors for vitiation of ''rakta'' have been explained in this chapter. Vitiated ''rakta'' causes various diseases e.g. stomatitis, redness in the eye, etc. If cold (or hot) and rough (or unctuous) ''dravyas'' are used for treatment without response, ''raktaja vikara'' (blood disorder) should be the reason. The line of treatment for ''raktaja vikara'' constitutes courses of treatment for ''raktapitta'' (i.e., prescribed for cases of vitiated ''pitta'' such as purgation and fasting, along with bloodletting). The physical appearance of pure blood has been described to be of golden colors, like red lotus, firefly, ''lakh'' (''laksha''), the fruit of ''gunja'' (Abrus precatorius Linn.). Any deviation from these could be explained to be due to ''vikaras'' or disorders. Some of the prominent blood-related disorders such as ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchcha'' (syncope) and ''sanyasa'' (coma) have therefore been described in this chapter. Their etiopathogenesis, types, symptoms and grades of severity - in this sequence - have been explained, along with some suggested courses of treatment. In the case of ''mada'' and ''murchcha'', purificatory measures ([[Panchakarma]]) have been suggested, while for ''sanyasa'', an emergency treatment (''attyaika chikitsa'') should be followed.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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~~“Now~~ I ~~shall expound~~ the chapter on ~~properly formed blood”~~, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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Now I will explain the chapter on "Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders”. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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==== Formation of pure blood ====

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=== Formation of pure blood ===

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Pure blood is formed in harmony with place, time, and adaptation, as said earlier. (C.Su.6) [3]

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==== Effects of pure blood on body ====

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=== Effects of pure blood on body ===

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That pure blood provides the individual with strength, complexion, happiness, and life. Because vitality of life depends on blood. [4]

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==== Causes of blood vitiation ====

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=== Causes of blood vitiation ===

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==== Diseases due to vitiation of blood ====

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=== Diseases due to vitiation of blood ===

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==== Management of blood vitiation disorders ====

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=== Management of blood vitiation disorders ===

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Treatment for blood disorder is as per ''raktapitta'' with therapeutic purgation, fasting and bloodletting. [18]

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==== Extent of bloodletting ====

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=== Extent of bloodletting ===

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Bloodletting should be done considering the strength of the person, ''dosha'',location of the disease, and until pure blood starts to flow out.[19]

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==== ''Dosha''-specific features of vitiated blood ====

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=== ''Dosha''-specific features of vitiated blood ===

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==== Characteristics of pure blood ====

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=== Characteristics of pure blood ===

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Blood should be regarded as pure when its color resembles red-gold, firefly, red lotus, ''laksha'' (lac-resinous material) and ''gunja'' fruit (Abrus precatorius Linn.).[22]

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==== Diet after bloodletting ====

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=== Diet after bloodletting ===

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==== Characteristics of a person with pure blood ====

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=== Characteristics of a person with pure blood ===

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A person should be considered as having pure blood if he has glowing complexion, well-functioning sense organs, and is cheerful. A person with unvitiated blood has normal digestion and unobstructed natural urges, is happy and is endowed with saturation and strength. [24]

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==== Causative factors and pathogenesis of ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchcha'' (syncope) and ''sanyasa''(coma) ====

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=== Causative factors and pathogenesis of ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchcha'' (syncope) and ''sanyasa''(coma) ===

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==== ''Dosha'' specific features of ''mada'' (intoxication) ====

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=== ''Dosha'' specific features of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===

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All types of narcosis are caused by alcoholic drinks, poisons or by vitiation of blood. It can be concluded that all types of narcosis are caused by nothing but the vitiation of the three ''doshas'' viz. ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. [34]

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==== Specific features of ''dosha'' dominant ''murchcha'' (syncope) ====

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=== Specific features of ''dosha'' dominant ''murchcha'' (syncope) ===

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==== Sanyasa (coma) ====

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=== Sanyasa (coma) ===

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==== Various treatments of ''mada'' and ''murchcha'' ====

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=== Various treatments of ''mada'' and ''murchcha'' ===

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==== Summary ====

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=== Summary ===

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Diseases with variable state of consciousness, from confusion to coma have been described in this chapter. [59-60]

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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles ===

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== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles ==

*Formation of pure blood depends upon the place, time, diet, and lifestyle. [3]

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*Purification of channels through [[Panchakarma]] is indicated before administration of drugs.[54-58]

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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

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== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences==

A person who is following a regimen or conduct suitable to a location (''desha-satmya''), time (''kala-satmya''), and habit or lifestyle (''oka-satmya''), when he takes food according to ''ahara vidhi visheshayatana'' (as described in the first chapter of Charak [[Vimana Sthana]] <ref>Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita, 2nd part, Chikitsa sthana, Chap 15, shlok no.28 ,Reprint 2005, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, pp 457. </ref>) - food having six ''rasaja'', taken at proper time, proper place, in proper quantity, and that which is wholesome in nature, will have pure (or healthy) blood. Pure blood formed after proper digestion of food is full of nutritional values necessary for life. Formation of pure blood takes place due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors are obtained from dietary sources. On the other hand, intrinsic factors are generated inside the body, such as ''Ranjaka pitta'' and ''majjagata'' substances (bone marrow). The importance of pure blood is described in ''Sushruta Sutra'' <ref>Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita, Ist part, Vimana sthana, Chap 1, shlok no.21 ,Reprint 2005, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, pp 680.</ref>15/7 and ''Charak Chikitsa'' <ref>Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Ist part, Sutra sthana Chap 15, shlok no.7 ,Reprint 2013, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp 75. </ref>15/28.[3]

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Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis should be considered to gain an understanding of ''raktaja vikara''. Electrolyte imbalances should be evaluated for the keen diagnosis of ''mada, murchcha,'' and ''sanyasa''. [59-60]

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=== References ===

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== References ==

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~~=== Glossary ===~~

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== Related Chapters ==

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~~#aukasātmyā (aukasAtmyA; अकसात्म्य)– Acquired homologation/adaptation~~

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~~#ādhyaśana (Adhyashana; अध्यशनै ) - Eating before the complete digestion of the previous food.~~

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~~#ajīrṇā (ajIrNA ; अजीर्णा) – Indigestion.~~

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~~#virēka (virekam; विरेक ) - Purgative action.~~

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~~#tantu (tantu; तन्तु ) – Thread-like.~~

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~~#dīpanīya (dIpanIya; दीपनीयं) – To increase appetite or digestive power.~~

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~~#viśadaṁ (vishadaM ; द्विशदं ) – Nonslimy.~~

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~~#agnisāda (agnisAda; अग्निसाद) – loss of appetite or decreased digestive power.~~

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~~#gurugātratā (gurugAtratA; गुरुगात्रता) – Heaviness of body.~~

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~~#santāpa (santApa; सन्ताप) – Pyrexia.~~

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~~#klamaḥ (klamaḥ; क्लमः) – Feeling of exhaustion.~~

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~~#buddhēḥ sammōhō (buddheH sammoho ; बुद्धेः सम्मोहो ) – Confusion of mind.~~

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~~#svarakṣayaḥ (svarakShayaH; स्वरक्षयः) – Weakness of voice.~~

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~~#tandrā (tandrA; तन्द्रा) – Excessive drowsiness.~~

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~~#kōṭha (koTha; कोठ) –Patches on skin.~~

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~~#Prasahanam (प्रसहानां)- Animals and birds that take in their food by snatching.~~

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~~#Prameelakah (प्रमीलकाः)- It is a state of almost falling asleep.~~

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~~#Pradhyantatparam (प्रध्यानतत्परम्)- A person who is continuous in a state of anxiety.~~

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=== Related Chapters ===

* [[ Raktapitta Nidana ]]

* [[ Raktapitta Chikitsa ]]

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