Changes

</ref>,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S, Singh L, Janmeda BS, Sharma S. Chemoprotective activity of hydroethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn leaves against

</ref>,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S, Singh L, Janmeda BS, Sharma S. Chemoprotective activity of hydroethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn leaves against

DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis in mice. Bio. Med. 2011; 3(2) Special Issue: 36-44.

DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis in mice. Bio. Med. 2011; 3(2) Special Issue: 36-44.

</ref>,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Singh L, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S. Chemopreventive effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves against DENA-induced  renocarcinogenesis in mice. Asian pac. J. Can. Preven. 2011</ref> purgative and diuretic properties due to the presence of phytoconstituents like lectin, quercetin, saponin, flavonoids, triterpenes, diterpenes, anthocyanins and platelet derived growth factors.[14,15] The plant is bitter, acrid, pungent, laxative; abortifacient, digestive, expectorant, depurative, febrifuge, carminative, stomachic, vermifuge, improves appetite, bronchitis, loss of consciousness, asthma, tumors, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, dropsy, dyspepsia, pain, flatulence intermittent fever, enlargement of spleen, anemia, ulcers, jaundice, leprosy, rheumatism and in chronic respiratory troubles.[16] In Ayurveda, the plant is aphrodisiac and rubefacient, anticancerous, used to heal anal fistula. The plant as a single and compound drug is widely used in the ''Unani'' medicine for the cure of arthritic and a large number of other ailments, such as respiratory stimulant, local anaesthetic, antibacterial, antiviral, interferolic and paronychia.

</ref>,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Singh L, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S. Chemopreventive effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves against DENA-induced  renocarcinogenesis in mice. Asian pac. J. Can. Preven. 2011</ref> purgative and diuretic properties due to the presence of phytoconstituents like lectin, quercetin, saponin, flavonoids, triterpenes, diterpenes, anthocyanins and platelet derived growth factors.<ref>Norskhydro AS, Kiellant S. W.O. 9321925 (ICI A61K 31/56). 1993; l: 921666.</ref>,<ref>Bigoniya P, Rana AC. Hemolytic and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Saponin Isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia Leaf. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Natural Products-II: Cap-

</ref> The plant is bitter, acrid, pungent, laxative; abortifacient, digestive, expectorant, depurative, febrifuge, carminative, stomachic, vermifuge, improves appetite, bronchitis, loss of consciousness, asthma, tumors, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, dropsy, dyspepsia, pain, flatulence intermittent fever, enlargement of spleen, anemia, ulcers, jaundice, leprosy, rheumatism and in chronic respiratory troubles.<ref>Anonymous Raw Material, In: The Wealth of India, Vol. III (DE). CSIR Publication, New Delhi, 1952, p. 226.</ref> In Ayurveda, the plant is aphrodisiac and rubefacient, anticancerous, used to heal anal fistula. The plant as a single and compound drug is widely used in the ''Unani'' medicine for the cure of arthritic and a large number of other ailments, such as respiratory stimulant, local anaesthetic, antibacterial, antiviral, interferolic and paronychia.

The leaves are reported to be useful as carminative, stomachic and expectorant.[17,18] The mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory effect of leaf hydro-alcoholic extract was reported by Bigonia and Rana.[19]

The leaves are reported to be useful as carminative, stomachic and expectorant.<ref>Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II, International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 1996; pp:1581.</ref>,<ref>Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi, 1956; pp. 114.</ref> The mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory effect of leaf hydro-alcoholic extract was reported by Bigonia and Rana.<ref>Bigoniya P, Rana AC 2008. Immunomodulatory activities of Euphorbia neriifolia leaf hydroalcoholic extract in rats. Ind. Drugs. 2008; 45(2): 90-97.</ref>

According to Tavera and Guerrero, a fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used for earache. It is also used in Malaya, as reported by Burkill and Haniff.[20] The expressed juice of the leaves is reported as very effective in relieving the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma. Gaur et a[21] reported that anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. is due to the presence of flavonoids. ''Snuhi'' is one of the chief constituents of ''kshaarasutra'', which is used in Indian medicine to heal anal fistula.[22] The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.[23] Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.[24,25]

According to Tavera and Guerrero, a fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used for earache. It is also used in Malaya, as reported by Burkill and Haniff.<ref>Burkill, Ivor H, Haniff M. “Malay Village Medicine.” The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 1930; 6(2): 167–282.</ref> The expressed juice of the leaves is reported as very effective in relieving the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma. Gaur et al<ref>Gaur K, Rana AC, Nema RK, Kori ML, Sharma CS. The anti-inflammatory and antialgestic activity of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2009; 2(1): 26-29.</ref> reported that anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. is due to the presence of flavonoids. ''Snuhi'' is one of the chief constituents of ''kshaarasutra'', which is used in Indian medicine to heal anal fistula.<ref>ICMR Reports, ICMR collaborating centres, Central biostatistical monitoring units, Madras and Central technical Co-ordinating unit, ICMR. New Delhi. Multicentric randomized

</ref> The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.<ref>Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.</ref> Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.<ref>Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae)</ref>,<ref>Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107</ref>

==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====

==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====