Changes

==== General pathogenesis ====

==== General pathogenesis ====

Due to above mentioned factors, vata and pitta dosha are vitiated and further affect channels carrying fluids like rasavaha and udakavaha srotasa.

Due to above mentioned factors, ''vata'' and ''pitta dosha'' are vitiated and further affect channels carrying fluids like ''rasavaha'' and ''udakavaha srotasa''.

Etio-pathological factors in thirst:

 

Acute fall in blood pressure and/or blood volume will also stimulate thirst. 15% or more reduction in circulating blood volume is required for this effect. However, the effects are short-lived and the effect of osmolality changes on thirst is more significant. Thus classification may be done as follows:

==== Etio-pathological factors in thirst ====

A. Causes of excessive thirst without excessive urination

 

1. Dehydration due to:

Acute fall in blood pressure and/or blood volume will also stimulate thirst. 15% or more reduction in circulating blood volume is required for this effect. However, the effects are short-lived and the effect of osmolality changes on thirst is more significant.  

• Excessive sweating (diaphoresis)

 

• Diarrhea

Thus classification may be done as follows:

• Large loose stools after eating foods high in fiber

===== A. Causes of excessive thirst without excessive urination =====

• Hyperventilation due to anxiousness, certain diseases, such as pneumonia, or at high altitudes.

====== 1. Dehydration due to: ======

*Excessive sweating (diaphoresis)

*Diarrhea

*Large loose stools after eating foods high in fiber

*Hyperventilation due to anxiousness, certain diseases, such as pneumonia, or at high altitudes.

2. Dry mouth by causes other than dehydration:

====== 2. Dry mouth by causes other than dehydration: ======

Acute (sudden) causes of dry mouth:

 

• Eating dry or spicy or salty foods

'''Acute (sudden) causes of dry mouth''':

• Breathing dry air, breathing through the mouth, snoring, smoking, chewing tobacco

*Eating dry or spicy or salty foods

• Anxiety, depression, stress  

*Breathing dry air, breathing through the mouth, snoring, smoking, chewing tobacco

• Hangover

*Anxiety, depression, stress  

• Disorder of salivary glands (mumps, side effect of irradiation)  

*Hangover

• Stroke  

*Disorder of salivary glands (mumps, side effect of irradiation)  

• Shock (hypovolemic, septic, anaphylactic)  

*Stroke  

Chronic causes of dry mouth (xerostomia):

*Shock (hypovolemic, septic, anaphylactic)

• Anemia

• Hypertension

'''Chronic causes of dry mouth (xerostomia)''':

• Oral thrush caused by fungal [candida] infection

*Anemia

• Disorders of salivary glands (sialadenitis, stones)

*Hypertension

• Autoimmune diseases: Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, sarcoidosis (neurosarcoidosis), rheumatoid arthritis  

*Oral thrush caused by fungal [candida] infection

• Parkinson’s disease

*Disorders of salivary glands (sialadenitis, stones)

• HIV/AIDS

*Autoimmune diseases: Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, sarcoidosis (neurosarcoidosis), rheumatoid arthritis  

• Alzheimer’s disease

*Parkinson’s disease

• Mouth or throat cancer

*HIV/AIDS

• Cystic fibrosis

*Alzheimer’s disease

Dry mouth as a side effect of medications or supplements:

*Mouth or throat cancer

• Anti-acne drugs: tretinoin  

*Cystic fibrosis

• Anticholinergics (spasmolytics): atropine  

 

• Antidepressants: fluoxetine  

'''Dry mouth as a side effect of medications or supplements''':

• Antidiarrheals: bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide

*Anti-acne drugs: tretinoin  

• Antiemetics (drugs to treat nausea/vomiting): chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, promethazine, scopolamine  

*Anticholinergics (spasmolytics): atropine  

• Antihistamines  

*Antidepressants: fluoxetine  

• Antiepileptics: valproate, topiramate

*Antidiarrheals: bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide

• Antiparkinsonians  

*Antiemetics (drugs to treat nausea/vomiting): chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, promethazine, scopolamine  

• Antipsoriatics: acitretin

*Antihistamines  

• Antipsychotics: modafinil, phenothiazines, risperidone, indapamide

*Antiepileptics: valproate, topiramate

• Antivirals: ritonavir, indinavir; antiretrovirals (to treat AIDS)  

*Antiparkinsonians  

• Aspirin overdose  

*Antipsoriatics: acitretin

• Beta-blockers (for heart disease, hypertension): atenolol, propranolol

*Antipsychotics: modafinil, phenothiazines, risperidone, indapamide

• Bronchodilators (to treat asthma): theophylline, salbutamol  

*Antivirals: ritonavir, indinavir; antiretrovirals (to treat AIDS)  

• Chemotherapeutics: bortezomib, cisplatin  

*Aspirin overdose  

• Muscle relaxants  

*Beta-blockers (for heart disease, hypertension): atenolol, propranolol

• Nasal decongestants (sprays)

*Bronchodilators (to treat asthma): theophylline, salbutamol  

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): aspirin, diclofenac,  ibuprofen, naproxen

*Chemotherapeutics: bortezomib, cisplatin  

• Opiates: morphine  

*Muscle relaxants  

• Sedatives (sleeping pills: diazepam)

*Nasal decongestants (sprays)

• Steroids  

*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): aspirin, diclofenac,  ibuprofen, naproxen

• Stimulants: armodafinil  

*Opiates: morphine  

Illegal Drugs:

*Sedatives (sleeping pills: diazepam)

• Marijuana (cannabis)  

*Steroids  

• Ecstasy (MDMA)  

*Stimulants: armodafinil  

• Cocaine  

 

• Heroin  

'''Illegal Drugs''':

• Amphetamine

*Marijuana (cannabis)  

B. Causes of excessive thirst with excessive urination

*Ecstasy (MDMA)  

*Cocaine  

*Heroin  

*Amphetamine

 

===== B. Causes of excessive thirst with excessive urination =====

 

Psychogenic Polydipsia

Psychogenic Polydipsia

In most cases of polydipsia, people drink water to replace water they have lost due to excessive urination caused by certain organic disorders. Individuals with primary or psychogenic polydipsia (often associated with schizophrenia) have no organic disorder, but they believe or feel they should drink a lot of fluid. This can lead to water intoxication (hyponatremia), which can be life threatening.

In most cases of polydipsia, people drink water to replace water they have lost due to excessive urination caused by certain organic disorders. Individuals with primary or psychogenic polydipsia (often associated with schizophrenia) have no organic disorder, but they believe or feel they should drink a lot of fluid. This can lead to water intoxication (hyponatremia), which can be life threatening.