2,171
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 72:
Line 72: − + + Line 81:
Line 82: − + + Line 105:
Line 107: + + + + − + − + + + + Line 137:
Line 146: + + Line 144:
Line 155: − + + + Line 151:
Line 164: − + + Line 176:
Line 190: + + Line 197:
Line 213: + + − + + Line 212:
Line 231: + + Line 222:
Line 243: + + Line 228:
Line 251: − + + − + + Line 242:
Line 267: − + −
no edit summary
Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.<ref>Plomin, R., von Stumm, S. The new genetics of intelligence. Nat Rev Genet 19, 148–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.104</ref> Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.<ref>Makharia A, Nagarajan A, Mishra A, Peddisetty S, Chahal D, Singh Y. Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016;25(2):189-194. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16</ref>
Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.<ref>Plomin, R., von Stumm, S. The new genetics of intelligence. Nat Rev Genet 19, 148–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.104</ref> Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.<ref>Makharia A, Nagarajan A, Mishra A, Peddisetty S, Chahal D, Singh Y. Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016;25(2):189-194. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16</ref>
</div>
==Three categories of learners:==
==Three categories of learners:==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
There are three categories of learners or students (shishya) based on their ability to learn, grasp, understand and retain knowledge (buddhi).
There are three categories of learners or students (shishya) based on their ability to learn, grasp, understand and retain knowledge (buddhi).
c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
</div>
===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===
===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. <ref>Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403</ref> This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.<ref>Kaufman, Alan S.; Engi Raiford, Susan; Coalson, Diane L. (2016). Intelligent Testing With the WISC-V. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.</ref>
A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. <ref>Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403</ref> This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.<ref>Kaufman, Alan S.; Engi Raiford, Susan; Coalson, Diane L. (2016). Intelligent Testing With the WISC-V. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.</ref>
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
</div>
==Anatomical aspects of buddhi==
==Anatomical aspects of buddhi==
===Embryological development===
===Embryological development===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]
In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]
The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref> onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref> onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
</div>
===Site of buddhi===
===Site of buddhi===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
</div>
===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===
===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===
The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.<ref>Roth G, Dicke U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID: 15866152.</ref>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.<ref>Roth G, Dicke U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID: 15866152.</ref>
</div>
===Sensory perceptions:===
===Sensory perceptions:===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
</div>
==Physiological aspects of buddhi==
==Physiological aspects of buddhi==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The [[dosha]] are responsible for various intellectual functions. The process of receiving-transmitting the sensory inputs and initiating motor functions is done by [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Sharpness of intelligence (medha/dhi) is attributed to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Maintenance of proper intellectual function is attributed to [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12]
The [[dosha]] are responsible for various intellectual functions. The process of receiving-transmitting the sensory inputs and initiating motor functions is done by [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Sharpness of intelligence (medha/dhi) is attributed to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Maintenance of proper intellectual function is attributed to [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12]
Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]
Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]
A study was conducted to analyse the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>
A study was conducted to analyse the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>
</div>
===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===
===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties (jnanendriya) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including mind, ego, and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of mind. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].
The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties (jnanendriya) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including mind, ego, and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of mind. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].
Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with mind and soul, its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.
Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with mind and soul, its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.
</div>
==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==
==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==
===Importance of buddhi in etio-pathogenesis===
===Importance of buddhi in etio-pathogenesis===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*Intellectual error ([[prajnaparadha]]) is one of the major causative factors of all diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]
*Intellectual error ([[prajnaparadha]]) is one of the major causative factors of all diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]
Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>
Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>
</div>
==Importance in healthcare management and teaching:==
==Importance in healthcare management and teaching:==
===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===
===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The diagnosis and treatment of any disease in Ayurveda is based upon mainly four means of knowledge. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17]
The diagnosis and treatment of any disease in Ayurveda is based upon mainly four means of knowledge. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17]
Personified dose of medicines for different treatment purposes depends on the intelligence of the physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/36][Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/106].
Personified dose of medicines for different treatment purposes depends on the intelligence of the physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/36][Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/106].
</div>
==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==
==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Ghee (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]
Ghee (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]
The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>
The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>
</div>
===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===
===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:
Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:
d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with honey and ghee.[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]
d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with honey and ghee.[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]
</div>
===Rasayana promoting intellectual functions (medhya rasayana):===
===Rasayana promoting intellectual functions (medhya rasayana):===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Following herbs are known to promote intellectual functions and used in the management of disorders of intellect.
Following herbs are known to promote intellectual functions and used in the management of disorders of intellect.
*The paste of Convolvulus pluricaulis (shankhapushpi) are considered especially as intellect promoting (medhya rasayana). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30-31]
*The paste of Convolvulus pluricaulis (shankhapushpi) are considered especially as intellect promoting (medhya rasayana). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30-31]
</div>
==Activities promoting intelligence==
==Activities promoting intelligence==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The academic and professional performance of a person depends upon his intelligence. Discussion with the experts (tadvidvya sambhasha) is the best method to improve intelligence and knowledge. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
The academic and professional performance of a person depends upon his intelligence. Discussion with the experts (tadvidvya sambhasha) is the best method to improve intelligence and knowledge. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
Continuous learning, engaging in friendly debates, referring, learning new things from other sciences, and devotion to the preceptors of sciences enhance intellectual abilities. [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/2]
Continuous learning, engaging in friendly debates, referring, learning new things from other sciences, and devotion to the preceptors of sciences enhance intellectual abilities. [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/2]
</div>
==Current researches: ==
==Current researches: ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*A pilot study to examine the correlation among intelligence quotient (IQ), social quotient(SQ), performance quotient (PQ), maladaptive behavior and their relationship with primary (anubandhya) and secondary (anubandha) [[dosha]] was carried out. The 120 children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were included in the study. It revealed a positive correlation between IQ and SQ. The correlation of secondary [[dosha]] was found to be high with IQ and SQ.<ref>Sharma S, Balsavar A, Beniwal RP, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN. A Pilot Study of Correlation between Intelligence Quotient, Social Quotient, and Ayurveda Parameters in Children. Indian J Psychol Med. </ref>
*A pilot study to examine the correlation among intelligence quotient (IQ), social quotient(SQ), performance quotient (PQ), maladaptive behavior and their relationship with primary (anubandhya) and secondary (anubandha) [[dosha]] was carried out. The 120 children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were included in the study. It revealed a positive correlation between IQ and SQ. The correlation of secondary [[dosha]] was found to be high with IQ and SQ.<ref>Sharma S, Balsavar A, Beniwal RP, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN. A Pilot Study of Correlation between Intelligence Quotient, Social Quotient, and Ayurveda Parameters in Children. Indian J Psychol Med. </ref>
*A placebo controlled clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.( yashtimadhu )granules on intelligence quotient (IQ). The trial drug in a dose of 12 g per day with lukewarm milk in 94 school-going children aged between 14-16 years showed enhancement in IQ.<ref>Sheshagiri S, Patel KS, Rajagopala S. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical study on enhancement of Medha (intelligence quotient) in school going children with Yahstimadhu granules. Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar;36(1):56-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.169011. PMID: 26730140; PMCID: PMC4687241.</ref>
*A placebo controlled clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.( yashtimadhu )granules on intelligence quotient (IQ). The trial drug in a dose of 12 g per day with lukewarm milk in 94 school-going children aged between 14-16 years showed enhancement in IQ.<ref>Sheshagiri S, Patel KS, Rajagopala S. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical study on enhancement of Medha (intelligence quotient) in school going children with Yahstimadhu granules. Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar;36(1):56-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.169011. PMID: 26730140; PMCID: PMC4687241.</ref>
</div>
== Theses done==
== Theses done==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of Manasa Prakriti and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.
1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of Manasa Prakriti and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.
4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum
4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum
</div>
==References==
==References==
==More information==
==More information==
# [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
# [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
# [[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]
# [[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]