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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on health, deals with the preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living. The tenets of personal hygiene, oral hygiene and hygiene of sense organs are described in this chapter. The routine procedures to preserve health like [[abhyanga]] (massage),[[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke/vapours), [[nasya]] (nasal errhines), [[kavala]] and [[gandusha]] ( methods of gargling), [[karnapurana]] (applying oil in ears), [[anjana]] (collyrium) etc. are described in this chapter with their methods of administration and positive health benefits. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on [[health]], deals with the preservation of [[health]] and prevention of [[disease]]. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living. The tenets of personal hygiene, oral hygiene and hygiene of sense organs are described in this chapter. The routine procedures to preserve health like [[abhyanga]] (massage), [[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke/vapors), [[nasya]] (nasal errhines), [[kavala]] and [[gandusha]] ( methods of gargling), [[karnapurana]] (applying oil in ears), [[anjana]] (collyrium) etc. are described in this chapter with their methods of administration and positive health benefits. </div>

'''Keywords''': Quantity of diet, [[Dinacharya]], [[Abhyanga]], [[Nasya]], [[Kavala]] / [[Gandusha]], [[Anu taila]], [[Anjana]], [[karnapurana]], personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs.

'''Keywords''': Quantity of diet, [[Dinacharya]], [[Abhyanga]], [[Nasya]], [[Kavala]] , [[Gandusha]], [[Anu taila]], [[Anjana]], [[karnapurana]], personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs.

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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Just as various kinds of tarnished gold-ornaments get cleansed by washing with oil, cloth and hairs.s also, by the use of salves, aspersions in the eyes, the vision of a person shines brightly like moon in the clear sky. [18-19]

Just as various kinds of tarnished gold-ornaments get cleansed by washing with oil, cloth and hair also, by the use of salves, aspersions in the eyes, the vision of a person shines brightly like moon in the clear sky. [18-19]

=== [[Dhumapana]] (Inhalation of smoke/vapours), its types, directions of use and indications ===

=== [[Dhumapana]] (Inhalation of smoke/vapors), its types, directions of use and indications ===

==== 1. ''Prayogika [[dhumapana]]'' (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease) ====

==== 1. ''Prayogika [[dhumapana]]'' (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease) ====

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One should smoke a cigar made of Shweta (Clitoria ternatea Linn.-white mussel shell creeper), Jyotishmati (Celastrus

One should smoke a cigar made of Shweta (Clitoria ternatea Linn.-white mussel shell creeper), Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd-staff plant), Haritala (orpiment-yellow arsenic), Manashila (realger) and other aromatic ones like Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala Ness & Eberum.-cinnamom-leaf) etc. for elimination of [[dosha]] from head region.[26-27]

paniculatus Willd-staff plant), Haritala (orpiment-yellow arsenic), Manashila (realger) and other aromatic ones like Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala Ness & Eberum.-cinnamom-leaf) etc. for elimination of [[dosha]] from head region.[26-27]

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It is indicated in complaints of heaviness in the head, headache, rhinitis, migraine, ear-ache, pain in eyes, cough, hiccup, dyspnoea, obstruction of the throat, weakness of the teeth, discharge from the ear, nose and eyes due to morbid condition, nasal fetor, halitosis, odontalgia, anorexia, lock-jaw, torticolis, pruritis, worms, pallor of the face, mucoid discharge from the mouth, impaired voice, ''galashundi'' (uvulitis), ''upajihvika'' (ranula), alopecia, graying of hair, and falling of hair.  

It is indicated in complaints of heaviness in the head, headache, rhinitis, migraine, ear-ache, pain in eyes, cough, hiccup, dyspnea, obstruction of the throat, weakness of the teeth, discharge from the ear, nose and eyes due to morbid condition, nasal fetor, halitosis, odontalgia, anorexia, lock-jaw, torticollis, pruritis, worms, pallor of the face, mucoid discharge from the mouth, impaired voice, ''galashundi'' (uvulitis), ''upajihvika'' (ranula), alopecia, graying of hair, and falling of hair.  

Medicated smoke inhalation alleviates sternutation, excessive drowsiness, loss of consciousness and hypersomnia. It augments the strength of the scalp hair roots, the senses and voice. Moreover, those who resort to smoke inhalation by oral route are not afflicted by [[vata]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] affecting the upper part of the body or head, howsoever strong the disease may be.[27-33]

Medicated smoke inhalation alleviates sneezing, excessive drowsiness, loss of consciousness and hypersomnia. It augments the strength of the scalp hair roots, the senses and voice. Moreover, those who resort to smoke inhalation by oral route are not afflicted by [[vata]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] affecting the upper part of the body or head, howsoever strong the disease may be.[27-33]

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Considering the time of aggravation of [[Vata]] and [[Kapha]] [[dosha]] in body, eight specific times of administration of medicated smoke have been prescribed for daily use.The self controlled man should resort to inhalation of smoke after taking bath, after scraping the tongue, after sneezing, after brushing the teeth, after [[nasya]], after the use of eye-salve/collyrium and at the end of sleep. Thereby, [[vata]] and [[kapha]] borne diseases affecting the body parts above the clavicle do not afflict him.  

Considering the time of aggravation of [[Vata]] and [[Kapha]] [[dosha]] in body, eight specific times of administration of medicated smoke have been prescribed for daily use. The self controlled man should resort to inhalation of smoke after taking bath, after scraping the tongue, after sneezing, after brushing the teeth, after [[nasya]], after the use of eye-salve/collyrium and at the end of sleep. Thereby, [[vata]] and [[kapha]] borne diseases affecting the body parts above the clavicle do not afflict him.  

In these conditions, inhalation should be done thrice, in three puffs each time. A wise man should practice habitual smoking twice a day only, the unctuous smoking once a day and the purgative smoking thrice or four times a day. [33-36]

In these conditions, inhalation should be done thrice, in three puffs each time. A wise man should practice habitual smoking twice a day only, the unctuous smoking once a day and the purgative smoking three or four times a day. [33-36]

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Feeling of well-being and clarity in ''hridaya'' (cardiac region), throat and senses, lightness of the head and pacification of the vitiated [[dosha]] are the signs of proper [[dhumapana]]. [36-38]

Feeling of well-being and clarity in [[hridaya]] (cardiac region), throat and senses, lightness of the head and pacification of the vitiated [[dosha]] are the signs of proper [[dhumapana]]. [36-38]

==== Complications due to excess [[dhumapana]] and their management ====

==== Complications due to excess [[dhumapana]] and their management ====

One should take a course of [[anu taila]] every year, during three seasons, of the pre-rainy season, the autumn and the spring, when the sky is free from clouds.  

One should take a course of [[anu taila]] every year, during three seasons, of the pre-rainy season, the autumn and the spring, when the sky is free from clouds.  

One, who practices [[nasya]], per the prescribed method, at the proper time, will keep his sight, smell and hearing unimpaired. His hair and beard will never become white or grey; his hair will not fall off, rather will grow in abundance. Torticolis, head-ache, facial paralysis, lock-jaw, rhinitis, hemicranias and tremors of the head will be alleviated thereby. The [[nasya]] will nourish the blood vessels, joints, ligaments and tendons of cranium, giving them greater strength.  The face will become cheerful and plump, the voice will become mellow, firm and stentorian, and all the senses will become clearer and strengthened considerably. Diseases related to head and neck would not attack him all of a sudden even though he might be aging. The effects of senility would not affect the head. [56-63]

One, who practices [[nasya]], per the prescribed method, at the proper time, will keep his sight, smell and hearing unimpaired. His hair and beard will never become white or grey; his hair will not fall off, rather will grow in abundance. Torticollis, head-ache, facial paralysis, lock-jaw, rhinitis, hemicrania and tremors of the head will be alleviated thereby. The [[nasya]] will nourish the blood vessels, joints, ligaments and tendons of cranium, giving them greater strength.  The face will become cheerful and plump, the voice will become mellow, firm and stentorian, and all the senses will become clearer and strengthened considerably. Diseases related to head and neck would not attack him all of a sudden even though he might be aging. The effects of senility would not affect the head. [56-63]

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The roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of feet are alleviated by massaging the legs.  The legs attain gentleness, strength, firmness, the eyes attain brightness, and the [[vata]] is pacified. Foot massage also prevents [[grudhrasi]](sciatica), fissures in the feet, contraction of the muscles, and blood vessels of legs. [90-92]

The roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of feet are alleviated by massaging the legs.  The legs attain gentleness, strength, firmness, the eyes attain brightness, and the [[vata]] is pacified. Foot massage also prevents [[grudhrasi]] (sciatica), fissures in the feet, contraction of the muscles, and blood vessels of legs. [90-92]

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The wearing of clean apparel enhances charm and personality of an individual, is promotive of longevity, preventive of bad-luck/inauspiciousness, brings about pleasure, is decorative, makes competent to participate in conferences and is commendable.

The wearing of clean apparel enhances charm and personality of an individual, promotes longevity, prevents bad-luck/inauspiciousness, brings about pleasure, is decorative, makes competent to participate in conferences and is commendable.

The use of fragrant articles and garlands enhances virility, promotes longevity, charm, plumpness and strength, is pleasing to the mind, and averts penury.

The use of fragrant articles and garlands enhances virility, promotes longevity, charm, plumpness and strength, is pleasing to the mind, and averts poverty.

The wearing of jewel-ornaments brings prosperity, is auspicious, promotes longevity, is decorative, is dispersive of worries, is exhilarative, is attractive and is enhancing of [[ojas]].

The wearing of jewel-ornaments brings prosperity, is auspicious, promotes longevity, is decorative, is dispersive of worries, is exhilarative, is attractive and is enhancing of [[ojas]].

The frequent ablution of feet and excretory orifices is promotive of intelligence, is purifying, promotes longevity, and dispels of misfortunes and sin.

The frequent ablution of feet and excretory orifices is promotive of intelligence, is purifying, promotes longevity, and dispels misfortunes and sin.

The trimming and grooming of body hair and nails (manicure and pedicure) is promotive of plumpness, virility, longevity, cleanliness and beauty.

The trimming and grooming of body hair and nails (manicure and pedicure) is promotive of plumpness, virility, longevity, cleanliness and beauty.

The donning of footwear is pleasing to the eyes, conducive to the skin of the sole, mitigative of foot-discomfort, promotive of strength, facilitative of easy gait and promotive of virility.

The donning of footwear is pleasing to the eyes, conducive to the skin of the sole, mitigative of foot-discomfort, promotive of strength, facilitative of easy gait and promotive of virility.

The carrying of umbrella is avertive of calamities, is promotive of strength, affords protection, cover and comfort, and serves as a shield against sun, wind, dust and rain.

The carrying of umbrella is averts calamities, promotes strength, affords protection, cover and comfort, and serves as a shield against sun, wind, dust and rain.

The carrying of the staff serves as a prop against stumbling, is dispersive of enemies, serves as a support, promotes longevity, and dispels fear. [95-102]

The carrying of the staff serves as a prop against stumbling, is dispersive of enemies, serves as a support, promotes longevity, and dispels fear. [95-102]

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* One should eat proper quantity of food according to strength of [[agni]]. [verse 3]  

* One should eat proper quantity of food according to strength of [[agni]]. [verse 3]  

* The ideal quantity of food is which gets digested in due time without disturbing the normalcy.[verse 4]  

* The ideal quantity of food is which gets digested in due time without disturbing the normalcy. [verse 4]  

* The food items that are predominant in [[vayu]] and [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally light for digestion and can be taken regularly  to maintain health. Those predominantly of [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally heavy to digest and shall be taken in small quantity always. If the heavy to digest items are taken, then strong physical exercise shall be followed to help [[agni]] to digest this heavy food. [Verse 6]

* The food items that are predominant in [[vayu]] and [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally light for digestion and can be taken regularly  to maintain health. Those predominantly of [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally heavy to digest and shall be taken in smaller quantity. If the heavy to digest items are taken, then strong physical exercise shall be followed to help [[agni]] to digest this heavy food. [Verse 6]

* There should be a right combination of light and heavy food articles in one’s diet regimen. The heavy-to-digest food articles can be one third or one half of total food consumed, while the remaining should be light-to-digest food.  In every composition, the digestive capacity of [[agni]] is to be followed. [verse 7]  

* There should be a right combination of light and heavy food articles in one’s diet regimen. The heavy-to-digest food articles can be one third or one half of total food consumed, while the remaining should be light-to-digest food.  In every composition, the digestive capacity of [[agni]] is to be followed. [verse 7]  

* If the food is taken in proper quantity, it provides strength, complexion, happiness and longevity to the person. [verse 8]

* If the food is taken in proper quantity, it provides strength, complexion, happiness and longevity to the person. [verse 8]

* The [[nasya]] (nasal errhines) is advantageous to prevent above diseases as well as disease of head and neck region. [verse 56-70]

* The [[nasya]] (nasal errhines) is advantageous to prevent above diseases as well as disease of head and neck region. [verse 56-70]

* The oral health should be preserved by following appropriate tooth twigs, using herbal mouth wash liquids, oil gargles. [verse 71-80]

* The oral health should be preserved by following appropriate tooth twigs, using herbal mouth wash liquids, oil gargles. [verse 71-80]

* Oil should be applied on head regularly to prevent diseases like graying of hairs, alopecia, headaches and improve strength of scalp and head region. It also improves quality of sleep.[verse 81-83]

* Oil should be applied on head regularly to prevent diseases like graying of hairs, alopecia, headaches and improve strength of scalp and head region. It also improves quality of sleep. [verse 81-83]

* Applying oil in ears regularly prevents ear diseases, stiffness of neck and jaw, improves hearing  and prevents deafness [ verse 84]  

* Applying oil in ears regularly prevents ear diseases, stiffness of neck and jaw, improves hearing  and prevents deafness. [verse 84]  

* [[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) should be regularly followed to improve physical strength, prevents [[vata]] disorders and delays ageing process. It also improves skin texture and prevents indirect physical injuries due to exertion and strains.[verse 85-89]  

* [[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) should be regularly followed to improve physical strength, prevents [[vata]] disorders and delays ageing process. It also improves skin texture and prevents indirect physical injuries due to exertion and strains.[verse 85-89]  

* Padabhyanga (foot massage) should be regularly followed to prevent disease of lumbo-sacral region like sciatica, leg, foot, heel, plantar fascia,  improve strength of legs and eyesight. [verse 90-92]   

* Padabhyanga (foot massage) should be regularly followed to prevent disease of lumbo-sacral region like sciatica, leg, foot, heel, plantar fascia,  improve strength of legs and eyesight. [verse 90-92]   

It is concluded by saying that sukhayu (happy and healthy life) is achieved by taking care of the body just as a competent town administrator would take care of his city.

It is concluded by saying that sukhayu (happy and healthy life) is achieved by taking care of the body just as a competent town administrator would take care of his city.

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