Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya

Indriya Sthana Chapter 6. Specific fatal clinical features

Abstract

This chapter, Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, explains some specific clinical features that are different than sensory perceptions and prodromal symptoms. Most of the time they indicate serious complications and are indicative of imminent death.

Keywords: Death features, Bad prognostic features.

Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya

Section/Chapter	Indriya Sthana Chapter 6
Preceding Chapter	Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya
Succeeding Chapter	Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya
Other Sections	Sutra Sthana, Nidana Sthana, Vimana Sthana, Sharira Sthana, Chikitsa Sthana, Kalpa Sthana, Siddhi Sthana

Introduction

Previous chapter (Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya) dealt with the types of premonitory symptoms which indicate imminent death. The present chapter focuses on the characteristic signs and symptoms of diseases in individuals which results in imminent death. The chapter signifies the importance of observation of patient in assessing prognosis of disease. The word katamani sharireeyam implies types of presentations of diseases in body leading to immediate death.

This chapter is a random compilation of bad prognostic features of diseases that are mentioned in Nidana Sthana and Chikitsa Sthana. An experienced clinician can identify bad prognosis of disease well in time and shall intervene as per the condition of patient.

Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation

अथातःकतमानिशरीरीयमिन्द्रियंव्याख्यास्यामः||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||

athātaḥkatamāniśarīrīyamindriyaṁvyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAtaH katamAnisharIrIyamindriyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

Now we shall expound the chapter "Katamanisharireeyam indriyam"(Specific fatal clinical features).Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

Questions by Agnivesha

कतमानिशरीराणिव्याधिमन्तिमहामुने!|यानिवैद्यःपरिहरेद्येषुकर्मनसिद्ध्यति||३||

इत्यात्रेयोऽग्निवेशेनप्रश्नंपृष्टःसुदुर्वचम्|आचचक्षेयथातस्मैभगवांस्तन्निबोधत||४||

यस्य वै भाषमाणस्य रुजत्यूर्ध्वमुरो भृशम्| अन्नं च च्यवते भुक्तं स्थितं चापि न जीर्यति||५||

बलं च हीयते शीघ्रं तृष्णा चातिप्रवर्धते| जायते हृदि शूलं च तं भिषक् परिवर्जयेत्||६||

katamāni śarīrāṇi vyādhimanti mahāmunē!| yāni vaidyaḥ pariharēdyēṣu karma na siddhyati||3||

ityātrēyō'gnivēśēnapraśnaṁpr̥ṣṭaḥsudurvacam|ācacakṣēyathātasmaibhagavāṁstannibōdhata||4||

yasyavaibhāṣamāṇasyarujatyūrdhvamurōbhr̥śam|annaṁcacyavatēbhuktaṁsthitaṁcāpinajīryati||5||

balaṁ ca hīyatē śīghraṁ tr̥ṣṇā cātipravardhatē| jāyatē hr̥di śūlaṁ ca taṁ bhiṣak parivarjayēt||6||

katamAni sharIrANi vyAdhimanti mahAmune!| yAni vaidyaH pariharedyeShu karma na siddhyati||3||

ityAtreyo~agniveshena prashnaM pRuShTaH sudurvacam| AcacakShe yathA tasmai bhagavAMstannibodhata||4||

yasya vai bhAShamANasya rujatyUrdhvamuro bhRusham| annaM ca cyavate bhuktaM sthitaM cApi na jIryati||5||

balaM ca hIyate shIghraM tRuShNA cAtipravardhate| jAyate hRudi shUlaM ca taM bhiShak parivarjayet||6||

Agnivesha asks Atreya that how many such symptoms are seen in a diseased individual for which treatment become ineffective. Hearing this, the great scholar explained him thus:

One, who has severe pain in the upper part of chest while talking, vomits the ingested food, cannot digest the food ingested; one, whose bala (strength) is depleting suddenly and who has morbid thirst; one who has pain in the region of hridaya (heart) are incurable.[3-6]

Poor prognosis in Hikka, Anaha, Atisara and Jwara

हिक्का गम्भीरजा यस्य शोणितं चातिसार्यते| न तस्मै भेषजं दद्यात् स्मरन्नात्रेयशासनम्||७||

आनाहश्चातिसारश्च यमेतौ दुर्बलं नरम्| व्याधितं विशतो रोगौ दुर्लभं तस्य जीवितम्||८||

आनाहश्चातितृष्णा च यमेतौ दुर्बलं नरम्| विशतो विजहत्येनं प्राणा नातिचिरान्नरम्||९||

ज्वरः पौर्वाह्णिको यस्य शुष्ककासश्च दारुणः| बलमांसविहीनस्य यथा प्रेतस्तथैव सः||१०||

hikkā gambhīrajā yasya śōṇitaṁ cātisāryatē| na tasmai bhēṣajaṁ dadyāt smarannātrēyaśāsanam||7||

ānāhaścātisāraśca yamētau durbalaṁ naram| vyādhitaṁ viśatō rōgau durlabhaṁ tasya jīvitam||8||

ānāhaścātitr̥ṣṇā ca yamētau durbalaṁ naram| viśatō vijahatyēnaṁ prāṇā nāticirānnaram||9||

jvaraḥ paurvāhṇikō yasya śuṣkakāsaśca dāruṇaḥ| balamāṁsavihīnasya yathā prētastathaiva saḥ||10||

hikkA gambhIrajA yasya shoNitaM cAtisAryate| na tasmai bheShajaM dadyAt smarannAtreyashAsanam||7||

AnAhashcAtisArashca yametau durbalaM naram| vyAdhitaM vishato rogau durlabhaM tasya jIvitam||8||

AnAhashcAtitRuShNA ca yametau durbalaM naram| vishato vijahatyenaM prANA nAticirAnnaram||9||

jvaraH paurvAhNiko yasya shuShkakAsashca dAruNaH| balamAMsavihInasya yathA pretastathaiva saH||10||

Gambheera hikka, or hiccups with deeper pathology, when accompanied with bleeding diarrhea, is a serious condition. In such a case, medication should not be given since the condition is not manageable by stream of Atreya school of medicine. (Note: It may be managed by Dhanwantari school of surgery).

Further, when gambheera hikka (hiccups with deeper pathology) is associated with anaha (distended abdomen) and atisara (diarrhea), both in a weak person is most difficult to treat and the person’s life is in danger.

Further this same is associated with anaha (distended abdomen) and trishna (excessive thirst) in a weak person, has poor prognosis and he will die soon.

Again this hiccups associated with poorvanhika jwara (fever in forenoon) and shushka kasa (dry cough) in a person with wasting of muscles and depleted strength as like as dead body .[7-10]

Poor prognosis in Shotha

यस्य मूत्रं पुरीषं च ग्रथितं सम्प्रवर्तते| निरूष्मणो जठरिणः श्वसनो न स जीवति||११||

श्वयथुर्यस्य कुक्षिस्थो हस्तपादं विसर्पति| ज्ञातिसङ्घं स सङ्क्लेश्य तेन रोगेण हन्यते||१२||

श्वयथुर्यस्य पादस्थस्तथा स्रस्ते च पिण्डिके| सीदतश्चाप्युभे जङ्घे तं भिषक् परिवर्जयेत्||१३||

शूनहस्तं शूनपादं शूनगुह्योदरं नरम्| हीनवर्णबलाहारमौषधैर्नोपपादयेत्||१४||

yasya mūtraṁ purīṣaṁ ca grathitaṁ sampravartatē| nirūṣmaṇō jaṭhariṇaḥ śvasanō na sa jīvati||11||

śvayathuryasya kukṣisthō hastapādaṁ visarpati| jñātisaṅghaṁ sa saṅklēśya tēna rōgēṇa hanyatē||12||

śvayathuryasya pādasthastathā srastē ca piṇḍikē| sīdataścāpyubhē jaṅghē taṁ bhiṣak parivarjayēt||13||

śūnahastaṁ śūnapādaṁ śūnaguhyōdaraṁ naram| hīnavarṇabalāhāramauṣadhairnōpapādayēt||14||

yasya mUtraM purIShaM ca grathitaM sampravartate| nirUShmaNo jaThariNaH shvasano na sa jIvati||11||

shvayathuryasya kukShistho hastapAdaM visarpati| j~jAtisa~gghaM sa sa~gkleshya tena rogeNa hanyate||12||

shvayathuryasya pAdasthastathA sraste ca piNDike| sIdatashcApyubhe ja~gghe taM bhiShak parivarjayet||13||

shUnahastaM shUnapAdaM shUnaguhyodaraM naram| hInavarNabalAhAramauShadhairnopapAdayet||14||

In a person with abdominal disease, who passes hard stool and condensed urine, whose body temperature is subnormal, and has dyspnea, is unable to survive.

A person whose abdominal edema spreads towards upper and lower both extremities will cause great distress to his relatives (due to disease) and dies with same disease.

A person having pedal edema, with flaccid calf muscles and pain in both thighs shall be avoided by physician (due to poor prognosis).

A person having edema on hands, feet pelvic region, abdomen and diminution of color complexion, strength, and aversion of food should not be administered medicine [due to poor prognosis, medicines are of no use]. [11-14]

Poor prognosis in respiratory disorders

उरोयुक्तो बहुश्लेष्मा नीलः पीतः सलोहितः| सततं च्यवते यस्य दूरात्तं परिवर्जयेत्||१५||

हृष्टरोमा सान्द्रमूत्रः शूनः कासज्वरार्दितः | क्षीणमांसो नरो दूराद्वर्ज्यो वैद्येन जानता||१६||

त्रयः प्रकुपिता यस्य दोषाः कष्टाभिलक्षिताः | कृशस्य बलहीनस्य नास्ति तस्य चिकित्सितम्||१७||

ज्वरातिसारौ शोफान्ते श्वयथुर्वा तयोः क्षये| दुर्बलस्य विशेषेण नरस्यान्ताय जायते||१८||

पाण्डुरश्च कृशोऽत्यर्थं तृष्णयाऽभिपरिप्लुतः| डम्बरी कुपितोच्छ्वासः प्रत्याख्येयो विजानता||१९||

urōyuktō bahuślēṣmā nīlaḥ pītaḥ salōhitaḥ| satataṁ cyavatē yasya dūrāttaṁ parivarjayēt||15||

hr̥ṣṭarōmā sāndramūtraḥ śūnaḥ kāsajvarārditaḥ | kṣīṇamāṁsō narō dūrādvarjyō vaidyēna jānatā||16||

trayaḥ prakupitā yasya dōṣāḥ kaṣṭābhilakṣitāḥ | kr̥śasya balahīnasya nāsti tasya cikitsitam||17||

jvarātisārau śōphāntē śvayathurvā tayōḥ kṣayē| durbalasya viśēṣēṇa narasyāntāya jāyatē||18||

pāṇḍuraśca kr̥śō'tyarthaṁ tr̥ṣṇayā'bhipariplutaḥ| ḍambarī kupitōcchvāsaḥ pratyākhyēyō vijānatā||19||

uroyukto bahushleShmA nIlaH pItaH salohitaH| satataM cyavate yasya dUrAttaM parivarjayet||15||

hRuShTaromA sAndramUtraH shUnaH kAsajvarArditaH | kShINamAMso naro dUrAdvarjyo vaidyena jAnatA||16||

trayaH prakupitA yasya doShAH kaShTAbhilakShitAH | kRushasya balahInasya nAsti tasya cikitsitam||17||

jvarAtisArau shophAnte shvayathurvA tayoH kShaye| durbalasya visheSheNa narasyAntAya jAyate||18||

pANDurashca kRusho~atyarthaM tRuShNayA~abhipariplutaH| DambarI kupitocchvAsaH pratyAkhyeyo vijAnatA||19||

One whose chest is full of phlegm, and constantly expectorates the blue, yellow, and blood mixed sputum, a wise physician should avoid to treat such patients even from distance.

A patient who is having thin stature, wasting of muscles, with Horripilation, colloidal or thick urine, with edema, cough, and fever, should be avoided by physician.

A person whose all the three doshas are vitiated, emaciated, having no strength, is untreatable.

If, in an emaciated patient with fever and diarrhea as sequel of edema or edema as sequel of these two, dies soon. A patient who is pale, excessively emaciated, having excessive thirst, eyes are fixed on one object, and with painful breath is better to declare untreatable. [15-19]

हनुमन्याग्रहस्तृष्णा बलह्रासोऽतिमात्रया| प्राणाश्चोरसि वर्तन्ते यस्य तं परिवर्जयेत्||२०||

hanumanyāgrahastr̥ṣṇā balahrāsō'timātrayā| prāṇāścōrasi vartantē yasya taṁ parivarjayēt||20||

hanumanyAgrahastRuShNA balahrAso~atimAtrayA| prANAshcorasi vartante yasya taM parivarjayet||20||

If a person having lock jaw and rigid neck suffers from thirst, diminished strength, and the signs of life(breath) are only confined to chest, such patient should be discarded for treatment purpose. [20]

Markers of imminent death

ताम्यत्यायच्छते शर्म न किञ्चिदपि विन्दति| क्षीणमांसबलाहारो मुमूर्षुरचिरान्नरः||२१||

विरुद्धयोनयो यस्य विरुद्धोपक्रमा भृशम्| वर्धन्ते दारुणा रोगाः शीघ्रं शीघ्रं स हन्यते||२२||

बलं विज्ञानमारोग्यं ग्रहणी मांसशोणितम् | एतानि यस्य क्षीयन्ते क्षिप्रं क्षिप्रं स हन्यते||२३||

आरोग्यं हीयते यस्य प्रकृतिः परिहीयते| सहसा सहसा तस्य मृत्युर्हरति जीवितम्||२४||

tāmyatyāyacchatē śarma na kiñcidapi vindati| kṣīṇamāṁsabalāhārō mumūrṣuracirānnaraḥ||21||

viruddhayōnayō yasya viruddhōpakramā bhr̥śam| vardhantē dāruṇā rōgāḥ śīghraṁ śīghraṁ sa hanyatē||22||

balaṁ vijñānamārōgyaṁ grahaṇī māṁsaśōṇitam | ētāni yasya kṣīyantē kṣipraṁ kṣipraṁ sa hanyatē||23||

ārōgyaṁ hīyatē yasya prakr̥tiḥ parihīyatē| sahasā sahasā tasya mr̥tyurharati jīvitam||24||

tAmyatyAyacchate sharma na ki~jcidapi vindati| kShINamAMsabalAhAro mumUrShuracirAnnaraH||21||

viruddhayonayo yasya viruddhopakramA bhRusham| vardhantedAruNA rogAH shIghraM shIghraM sa hanyate||22||

balaM vij~jAnamArogyaM grahaNI mAMsashoNitam | etAni yasya kShIyante kShipraM kShipraM sa hanyate||23||

ArogyaM hIyate yasya prakRutiH parihIyate| sahasA sahasA tasya mRutyurharati jIvitam||24||

If an emaciated person with diminished strength presenting lack of digestive power, faints repeatedly, with violent movements of the body and restlessness in any situation, he succumbs to death immediately.

In a person suffering from more than one disease, and if their etiological factors are mutually contradictory and the line of treatments are also contradictory this is indicative of fatal prognosis. If they appear suddenly, the sudden death of the patient is also certain.

Strength against disease is knowledge of Health and health is based on digestive power and power or muscles, and purity of blood. Where all these diminished there is no hope for long life and thus succumb for death.

If there is sudden deterioration of health is extended to the change in basic constitution (prakriti) of a patient then he succumbs for sudden death. [21-24]

Summary

तत्रश्लोकः- इत्येतानि शरीराणि व्याधिमन्ति विवर्जयेत्| न ह्येषु धीराः पश्यन्ति सिद्धिं काञ्चिदुपक्रमात्||२५||

tatraślōkaḥ- ityētāni śarīrāṇi vyādhimanti vivarjayēt| na hyēṣu dhīrāḥ paśyanti siddhiṁ kāñcidupakramāt||25||

tatra shlokaH- ityetAni sharIrANi vyAdhimanti vivarjayet| na hyeShu dhIrAH pashyanti siddhiM kA~jcidupakramAt||25||

Patients with above mentioned diseases should not be taken for treatment. The wise physician should not anticipate success of his treatment in such cases.[25]

Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)

• Strength against disease is knowledge of health.
• Health is based on digestive power, power of muscles and purity of blood. Significant decrease of these are the markers of terminal illness.
• Sudden deterioration of health and change in basic constitution (prakriti) of a patient, is fatal sign.
• In a person suffering from more than one disease, and if their etiological factors are mutually contradictory and the line of treatments are also contradictory, the condition worsens with bad prognosis leading to death. If they appear suddenly, the sudden death of the patient is also certain. [21-24]

Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)

• The conditions related with respiratory disease pathologies are pleural effusion, pneumothorax and pleural tumors and secondary to pulmonary diseases like pneumonia, pulmonary infarction and bronchogenic carcinoma.
• Anna (food) is considered as prana (vital force). Difficulty to intake the food interferes with nutrition and leads to severe disability. It also interferes with the intake of medicines. Dysphagia may be due to mechanical causes or neurological causes seen associated with other serious pathologies. Lack of digestion indicates impairment of digestive system and thus lack of absorption of nutrients and medicines. Prakrita kapha imparts bala (strength) to the body. Sudden depletion of bala indicates impairment of Ojus. Bala is essential for both treatment and for prevention of further progression of disease. Severe kapha kshaya (depletion of kapha) and vata-pitta vitiation is explained as the cause behind the pathogenesis of trishna. Trishna indicates not merely thirst, but severe depletion of water and electrolytes from the body which may lead to pathology even at the cellular level. [verse 5-6]
• Gambheera Hikka (severe hiccups) is included as one among the terminal illness in Ayurveda. The word gambheera indicates either hikka originating from deep pathology. Gambheera hikka is mentioned as pranantiki (Life ending) by Charak in the Chikitsa Sthana. Persistent hiccups are seen in many pathologies both mechanical and neurological like central nervous system lesions and tumors. Individuals who are very weak due to any illness get afflicted with abdominal distension (anaha) and diarrhea simultaneously, it will be very much difficult to prolong his life. Likewise, a debilitated or weak person when afflicted with morbid thirst (trishna) and abdominal distension (anaha) will soon die.
• The word durbala signifies decreased strength in terms of immune deficiency, decreased quality of dhatus, diminished ability to withstand the strength of medicine and disease itself and decreased ability to recover. Such a person, who is weakened by illness when afflicted by any disease or any super imposed infection, there are less chances of survival.

The conditions related to gastrointestinal pathologies include, E.coli infections, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, colitis, lactose intolerance, intestinal obstructions, cystic fibrosis, colon cancer.

• Agni is considered the principal factor responsible for health and disease. When a condition is mentioned as nirishmana (decrease in temperature/warmth), it ascertains to the fact that the dissociative and associative functions that usually happens physiologically in an individual is subnormal. The physiological levels of agni in succeeding hierarchy such as the dhatwagni and bhutagni will naturally get deranged. Such an individual does not respond to medication and the dhatus formed will be either saama or there will be dhatu sarahinatha, which by itself forms abasement for ensuing diseases to be strong and with serious complications.
• The condition presented with edema as feature are Congestive cardiac failure, end stage renal failure, Good Pasteur’s syndrome, Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Cardiomyopathy, Ascites, Thrombophlebitis.

Few diseased conditions mentioned here in this chapter may be in quite manageable stage with the present modern management facilities but to the time of Charak those were definitely fatal. For example, many of hypo-volemic and dehydrated conditions are well treated now. But still it is a challenge to save life in toxic dehydrations. Many such clinical challenges are narrated where patient should not be neglected, rather aggressive care should be provided with informed consent to the relatives about possible fatal outcome.