Changes

In present context, different synonyms of ''rupa'' have the same meaning but at other places these terms may have different meanings, as follows:

In present context, different synonyms of ''rupa'' have the same meaning but at other places these terms may have different meanings, as follows:

Linga: The pratyatma lakshanas (cardinal symptoms) of the disease are also known as linga. For example, copious amounts and high frequency of urine and turbidity of urine is linga of diabetes.  

*''Linga'': The ''pratyatma lakshanas'' (cardinal symptoms) of the disease are also known as ''linga''. For example, copious amounts and high frequency of urine and turbidity of urine is ''linga'' of diabetes.  

Akruti: Akruti means the shape, posture or appearance of the face and body of the patient in the state of illness or health. This is also indicative of the dosha associated with the disease. E.g. the appearance of the knee-joint looks like the head of jackal in Kroshtukashirsha.  

*''Akruti'': ''Akruti'' means the shape, posture or appearance of the face and body of the patient in the state of illness or health. This is also indicative of the ''dosha'' associated with the disease. E.g. the appearance of the knee-joint looks like the head of jackal in ''Kroshtukashirsha''.  

Lakshana: Lakshana is the symptom felt by the patient only and physician can only know about it by asking to the patient. This is also called aturasamvedya (i.e., felt by the patient only). E.g.  Heavinesss of head or abdomen, pain, constipation tingling sensation etc.

*''Lakshana'': ''Lakshana'' is the symptom felt by the patient only and physician can only know about it by asking to the patient. This is also called ''aturasamvedya'' (i.e., felt by the patient only). E.g.  Heavinesss of head or abdomen, pain, constipation tingling sensation etc.

Chihna: Chihna refers to the signs that could be observed by the physician and termed as ‘Vaidyasamvedya’. Specific disease has specific signs.E.g. shwasakashtata (dysponea), coughing, hiccup, swelling etc.

*''Chihna'': ''Chihna'' refers to the signs that could be observed by the physician and termed as ''Vaidyasamvedya.'' Specific disease has specific signs. E.g. ''shwasakashtata'' (dysponea), coughing, hiccup, swelling etc.

Samsthana: the place of pathogenesis where sign and symptoms are prominently observable. In another context, it also means various bodily systems, such as respiratory system, CVS etc. E.g. hridashula, karnashula, udarashula etc.

*''Samsthana'': the place of pathogenesis where sign and symptoms are prominently observable. In another context, it also means various bodily systems, such as respiratory system, CVS etc. E.g. ''hridashula, karnashula, udarashula'' etc.

Vyanjana: These include the mixed state of the sign and symptoms.

*''Vyanjana'': These include the mixed state of the sign and symptoms.

Rupa: could also mean the external appearance of the person which one could know during the inspection of the patient. E.g. pallor body indicative of pandu or kamala

*''Rupa'': could also mean the external appearance of the person which one could know during the inspection of the patient. E.g. pallor body indicative of ''pandu'' or ''kamala''.

Hence, all these above synonyms quoted are indicative of such symptomatology which is scattered in different diseases. Any one term is not sufficient to define the rupa or lakshana entirely therefore these different terms have been collectively described here. [9]

 

Upashaya (pacification):

Hence, all these above synonyms quoted are indicative of such symptomatology which is scattered in different diseases. Any one term is not sufficient to define the ''rupa'' or ''lakshana'' entirely therefore these different terms have been collectively described here. [9]

Upashaya implies such factors that bring about happiness. It provides diagnostic aid for diseases which are otherwise difficult to diagnose. Upashaya is broadly divided in two groups. [15]

 

1. Drugs etc. that are antagonistic to the cause of the disease or the disease itself.  

''Upashaya'' (pacification):

2. Drugs etc. that are not antagonistic either to the cause of the disease or to the disease itself but when employed, they actually alleviate the condition by counteracting either the disease or the cause of it.  

''Upashaya'' implies such factors that bring about happiness. It provides diagnostic aid for diseases which are otherwise difficult to diagnose. ''Upashaya'' is broadly divided in two groups: [15]

In addition to upashaya, there is another factor viz. anupashaya (…) which also helps in the diagnosis of diseases. But this is included under Nidana, hence not separately mentioned here.   

#Drugs etc. that are antagonistic to the cause of the disease or the disease itself.  

Classification of upashaya:

#Drugs etc. that are not antagonistic either to the cause of the disease or to the disease itself but when employed, they actually alleviate the condition by counteracting either the disease or the cause of it.  

1. Hetu viparita aushadha (drugs antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

 

2. Hetu viparita anna (food which is antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

In addition to ''upashaya'', there is another factor viz. ''anupashaya'' (…) which also helps in the diagnosis of diseases. But this is included under ''Nidana'', hence not separately mentioned here.   

3. Hetu viparita vihara (regimen antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

 

4. Vyadhi viparita aushadha (drugs antagonistic to the disease itself)

Classification of ''upashaya'':

5. Vyadhi viparita anna (food antagonistic to the disease)

#''Hetu viparita aushadha'' (drugs antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

6. Vyadhi viparita vihara (regimen antagonistic to the disease)

#''Hetu viparita anna'' (food which is antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

7. Hetu-vyadhi viparita aushadha (drugs antagonistic to the cause and disease)

#''Hetu viparita vihara'' (regimen antagonistic to the cause of the disease)

8. Hetu-vyadhi viparita anna (food antagonistic to the cause and disease)

#''Vyadhi viparita aushadha'' (drugs antagonistic to the disease itself)

9. Hetu-vyadhi viparita vihara (regimen antagonistic to the cause and disease)

#''Vyadhi viparita anna'' (food antagonistic to the disease)

10. Hetu viparitarthakari aushadha (drugs which are working against the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

#''Vyadhi viparita vihara'' (regimen antagonistic to the disease)

11. Hetu viparitarthakari anna (food that acts contrary to the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparita aushadha'' (drugs antagonistic to the cause and disease)

12. Hetu viparitarthakari vihara (regimen which is working against the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparita anna'' (food antagonistic to the cause and disease)

13. Vyadhi viparitarthakari aushadha (drugs which are working against the disease though not actually against)

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparita vihara'' (regimen antagonistic to the cause and disease)

14. Vyadhi viparitarthakari anna (food which is working against the disease though not actually against)

#''Hetu viparitarthakari aushadha'' (drugs which are working against the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

15. Vyadhi viparitarthakari vihara (regimen which is working against the disease though not actually against)

#''Hetu viparitarthakari anna'' (food that acts contrary to the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

16. Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari aushadha (drugs which seem to be working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually so; i.e., working as placebos)

#''Hetu viparitarthakari vihara'' (regimen which is working against the causative factors of the disease though not actually against)

17. Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari anna (food which is working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually, i.e., working as placebo)

#''Vyadhi viparitarthakari aushadha'' (drugs which are working against the disease though not actually against)

18. Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari vihara (regimen which is working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually against.) [16]

#''Vyadhi viparitarthakari anna'' (food which is working against the disease though not actually against)

Various examples of upashaya:

#''Vyadhi viparitarthakari vihara'' (regimen which is working against the disease though not actually against)

Upashaya Aushadha Anna Vihar

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari aushadha'' (drugs which seem to be working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually so; i.e., working as placebos)

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari anna'' (food which is working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually, i.e., working as placebo)

#''Hetu-vyadhi viparitarthakari vihara'' (regimen which is working against the causative factors and the disease though not actually against.) [16]

 

Various examples of ''upashaya'':

Upashaya Aushadha Anna Vihara

Hetu viparita Usage of shunthi in sheeta kaphaja jwara due to its hotness. Intake of meat juice in case of vata jwara and fatigue Remaining awake at night in aggravation of kapha dosha due to day sleeping

Hetu viparita Usage of shunthi in sheeta kaphaja jwara due to its hotness. Intake of meat juice in case of vata jwara and fatigue Remaining awake at night in aggravation of kapha dosha due to day sleeping

Vyadhi viparita Use of antidiarrheal drugs like Patha etc. in diarrhoea Intake of food like masur etc. in diarrhoea due to its antidiarrheal property. Pravahana  improving downwards peristalsis is the treatment for udavarta rogi

Vyadhi viparita Use of antidiarrheal drugs like Patha etc. in diarrhoea Intake of food like masur etc. in diarrhoea due to its antidiarrheal property. Pravahana  improving downwards peristalsis is the treatment for udavarta rogi

References

=== References ===

 

1. Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana Adhyaya 4/12, Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji, Fifth Edition Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2001, 249.

1. Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana Adhyaya 4/12, Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji, Fifth Edition Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2001, 249.

2. Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita Nidanasthana Adhyaya 1/6, Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji, Fifth Edition Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2001, 194.

2. Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita Nidanasthana Adhyaya 1/6, Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji, Fifth Edition Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2001, 194.