2,062
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 8:
Line 8: − + Line 134:
Line 134: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
no edit summary
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
The Sanskrit term ‘Vipaka’ (also spelled as vipaaka or vipAka) means specific transformation or effect after digestion of a substance. Detailed and in-depth description of the process of metabolism is the key component of [[Ayurveda]] physiology as well as pathology. Almost all the pathologies occurring in the human body are caused due to imbalance or malfunctioning of metabolism governed by the [[agni]]. Thus, it is of utmost importance for every physician to know the function of [[agni]] in detail. The process of metabolism is divided into two main components i.e. avasthapaka and vipaka. Avasthapaka is the general process of catabolism needed for all food and medicines ingested orally. It involves three stages viz. madhura (sweet), amla (sour) and katu (pungent) avasthapaka. Avasthapaka refers to a series of changes that food undergoes in the gut ([[koshtha]]). [[Agni]] is responsible for digestion and metabolism. In the first stage of digestion (madhura avasthapaka), the food in stomach ([[amashaya]]) undergoes primary transformation. In the second stage (amla avasthapaka), the food undergoes vigorous digestion in duodenum and small intestine (pachyamanashaya). Amlabhava develops under the action of the acid medium. In the third stage (katu avasthapaka), absorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the large intestine. The faeces are formed after maximum water absorption (pari pandita pakwasya). Odoriferous products with pungent gases are also released (vayusyatkatubhavatah). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/9-11]
The Sanskrit term ‘Vipaka’ (also spelled as vipaaka or vipAka) means specific transformation or effect after digestion of a substance. Detailed and in-depth description of the process of metabolism is the key component of [[Ayurveda]] physiology as well as pathology. Almost all the pathologies occurring in the human body are caused due to imbalance or malfunctioning of metabolism governed by the [[agni]]. Thus, it is of utmost importance for every physician to know the function of [[agni]] in detail. The process of metabolism is divided into two main components i.e. avasthapaka and vipaka. Avasthapaka is the general process of catabolism needed for all food and medicines ingested orally. It involves three stages viz. madhura (sweet), amla (sour) and katu (pungent) avasthapaka. Avasthapaka refers to a series of changes that food undergoes in the gut ([[koshtha]]). [[Agni]] is responsible for digestion and metabolism. In the first stage of digestion (madhura avasthapaka), the food in stomach ([[amashaya]]) undergoes primary transformation. In the second stage (amla avasthapaka), the food undergoes vigorous digestion in duodenum and small intestine (pachyamanashaya). Amlabhava develops under the action of the acid medium. In the third stage (katu avasthapaka), absorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the large intestine. The faeces are formed after maximum water absorption (pari pandita pakwasya). Odoriferous products with pungent gases are also released (vayusyatkatubhavatah). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/9-11]
In the contemporary view, avasthapaka and vipaka can be mainly connected to the process of digestion. Digestion mainly involves process of breaking down of the complex food-stuff with the help of digestive juices into simple constituents, which can be normally absorbed and assimilated in the body. High molecular weight compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are thus broken down into low molecular weight, water soluble and absorbable constitutes after various processes occurred in organs of digestive system. Thus, avasthapaka can be considered as various phases of digestion.<ref>Divya K, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK. Exploring novel concept of Agni and its clinical relevance. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8):1–6.</ref> While vipaka can be seen as the process of ultimate transformation of the ingested material. Some researchers also opine that, gut microbiota surely plays a role in decreasing as well as increasing drug activity.<ref>The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity.Li H, He J, Jia WExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12(1):31-40.</ref>
In the contemporary view, avasthapaka and vipaka can be mainly connected to the process of digestion. Digestion mainly involves process of breaking down of the complex food-stuff with the help of digestive juices into simple constituents, which can be normally absorbed and assimilated in the body. High molecular weight compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are thus broken down into low molecular weight, water soluble and absorbable constitutes after various processes occurred in organs of digestive system. Thus, avasthapaka can be considered as various phases of digestion.<ref>Divya K, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK. Exploring novel concept of Agni and its clinical relevance. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8):1–6.</ref> While vipaka can be seen as the process of ultimate transformation of the ingested material. Some researchers also opine that, gut microbiota surely plays a role in decreasing as well as increasing drug activity.<ref>The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity.Li H, He J, Jia WExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12(1):31-40.</ref>
Exceptions
It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.
==Importance of vipaka==
Vipaka plays significant role in pharmacotherapy used in [[Ayurveda]]. It is explained that substances work according to the potential of their vipaka. Though, ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, it does not vitiate [[pitta dosha]] due to its madhura vipaka. It is therefore a generalized theory that when all pharmacodynamic attributes of the [[dravya]] have comparable/similar potential, the vipaka always dominates the [[rasa]].
Vipaka is very important among all other pharmacodynamic properties of [[dravya]] because the results of taking diet or medicine depend on correct or incorrect digestion. [[Agni]] plays crucial role in digestion and vipaka. The desired/undesirable actions of the [[dravya]]s directly/indirectly depend on the vipaka of the [[dravya]]s. Vipaka of any [[dravya]] depend on the inherent properties of the [[dravya]]s as well as condition of [[agni]] of the consumer. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/63] Plumbago zeylanica([[chitraka]]), if digested properly, causes agnideepana (desired action of stimulation of digestion). While if not digested properly, it causes constipation (undesirable action). Similarly, properly digested Piper longum ([[pippali]]) enhances [[shukra]] (desired effect), while improper digestion leads to excessive formation of [[kleda]] (untoward effect of moisture).
Vipaka is also important because the aggravation and improvement of the [[dosha]]s as well as the accumulation of [[dhatu]] in the body directly depends on the vipaka. A well digested diet or medicine is beneficial, while the same if poorly digested causes various diseases. Therefore, it can be inferred that vipaka is one of the most important factors among all the attributes of [[dravya]].
==Current researches==
#Anuruchi Jadoun and Rambabu Dwivedi studied effect of selected samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya w.s.r. to vipaka. They stated that, all the drugs having vichitra pratyayarabdhata showed effect according to their vipaka in few parameters. But most of the results were statistically insignificant, which suggested that substances perform their action according to their properties (pratyayarabdhata).<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and Vicitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013 Oct;34(4):373-8. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.127718. PMID: 24696574; PMCID: PMC3968699.</ref>
#Marilena Gilca and Dorin Dragos connected the concept of extra oral receptors to the concept of Ayurvedic pharmacology so as to describe the possible mechanism of vipaka.<ref>Gilca M, Dragos D. Extraoral Taste Receptor Discovery: New Light on Ayurvedic Pharmacology. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5435831. doi: 10.1155/2017/5435831. Epub 2017 May 31. PMID: 28642799; PMCID: PMC5469997.</ref>
#Anagha Vishwas Ranade, Amey Shirolkar, and Sharad Daulatrao Pawar have given different insight to concept of vipaka by explaining it on the basis of gut microbiota. It says, the holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of [[Ayurveda]] in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.<ref>Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-78. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_210_18. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32398906; PMCID: PMC7210818.</ref>
#Chakrapany Sharma and Chandan Singh have put forth a review to interpret [[Ayurveda]] theory of vipaka v/s pharmacokinetics. They have concluded that, the term vipaka in [[Ayurveda]] covers a broad area that is not limited up to the metabolism, only. All kinds of [[agni]] (jatharagni, dhatvagni and bhootagni) works one by one on ingested diet or drug. This helps to liberate the molecular substance from the chemical structure of ingested diet or drug, assimilate and absorbs in body at the site of action.<ref>Sharma, C. and Singh, C., 2015. Interpretation Of Ayurveda Theory of “Vipaka” V/S Pharmacokinetics: A Review. WJPR, 2015, Volume 4, Issue 5, 935-946</ref>
#Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B., Remadevi R. conducted an experimental study for assessment of ‘vipaka’ (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant, Flemingia strobilifera of family Fabaceae. They have studied various parameters like body weight, faecal output, urine output, water intake etc. and concluded that the drug has katu vipaka.
</div>
<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>
==References==
<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;
bottom:32px; left:2%; z-index:9999; padding:0; margin:0;"><span style="color:blue;
font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif; border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
padding:0.1em; font-weight:bolder; -moz-border-radius:8px; ">
[[#top| Back to the Top ]]</span></div>
This page is under development.
This page is under development.