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Aagama is defined as shastra or science preached by the aapta or knowledgeable people that can be validated or proved with the help of [[pramana]] and is universally applicable. It gives true meaning or essence of the science. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/16]<ref name=Susruta/>
Aagama is defined as shastra or science preached by the aapta or knowledgeable people that can be validated or proved with the help of [[pramana]] and is universally applicable. It gives true meaning or essence of the science. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/16]<ref name=Susruta/>
'''Vaadamarga'''
Aaptopadesha is included in the 41 vaadamarga as ‘aitihya pramana’ along with the other [[pramana]] like [[pratyaksha]], [[anumana]], upamana etc.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/41]
==Characteristics of authentic source or science (shashtra lakshana)==
As the shastra or the textual knowledge is source of aaptopadesha pramana, the criteria for the examination of texts is described to assess the authenticity. These are eighteen criteria useful of assessment of credibility of any science. These include comprehensive text providing all information, followed by prominent and wise men (successful practitioners), meaningful, regarded by authorities, useful for learners of all intellectual capacities (with good, moderate and poor intellect), devoid of the deformity of reiteration, descending from the sages (which is written by experienced, intuitive person), with well- formed discussion and conclusion, having informative title and firm base free from weak and difficult words, having comprehensive knowledge of subject, with proper sequencing of its contents committed principally to arriving at the essence of thoughts, which reveals clear meanings and concrete conclusion, focused on the particular subject without wavering ideas and irrelevant content, quickly understandable with separated topics, effectively comprehensible, and having definitions showed with examples.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
==Types of Aaptopadesha==
There are two types or categories of aapta namely, laukika and alaukika. [Tarkasangraha] Laukika aaptopadesha are statements of unauthentic people or lay people who may not have authoritative knowledge of the subject. Alaukika shabda are statements from the veda like atharvaveda that are time tested and traditional.<ref name=Tarka/>
==Types of Shabda==
The shabda is a collection of syllables (varna). It is of four types: drishtartha (observable, visible facts), adrishtartha (unobservable), satya (factual or truth) and asatya (false, nonfactual).[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/38] These can be understood as:
a) Drishtartha shabda: Observable phenomena like [[dosha]] vitiation due to three [[dosha]] and alleviation of [[dosha]] with the shadvidha upakrama.
b) Adrishtartha shabda: These are phenomena that cannot be observed or perceived like emancipation (moksha, pretyabhava).
c) Satya: This is the knowledge consistent with facts or factual knowledge which can be observed like there are remedial measures for the curable diseases and there exists a result of every action.
d) Asatya: Contrary to satya (that which is not consistent with facts).
==Applications of aaptopadesha==
Aaptopadesha can be applied in the examination and treatment of diseases. Following can be observed through the means of aaptopadesha pramana [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 4/6]:
#[[Roga]]- disease condition
#Prakopana- vitiation of [[dosha]]
#Yoni – etiology of (prakopana) vitiation of [[dosha]]
#Utthana- onset of disease
#Aatmanam- cardinal signs and symptoms of [[dosha]]
#Adhisthana- site of occurrence of disease.
#Vedana- sign and symptoms
#Sansthana- location of the origin of vitiation like amashaya, pakwashaya, avayava vishesha or sukshma strotasa (micro-channels of the body)
#[[Shabda]], [[sparsha]], [[rupa]], [[rasa]], [[gandha]]- the function and pathology of senses.
#[[Upadrava]]- complications
#Vriddhi, sthana, kshaya- the increased, balanced or decreased state of [[dosha]].
#Udarka- prognosis
#Naama- nomenclature of disease
#Pravritti- indicated treatment
#Nivritti-contraindicated treatment.
Using the above framework, one gather knowledge regarding any disease condition.
==Importance of concept==
Understanding aaptopadesha is important for interpretation of [[pratyaksha]] and [[anumana pramana]]. Aaptopadesha as primary or preliminary source of previously gathered knowledge followed by [[pratyaksha]] and [[anumana pramana]].[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 4/5) A physician can only be successful in his endeavors if he possesses the authentic scientific and textual knowledge coupled with the practical aspects. One who possess practical knowledge but is devoid of the scientific background does not get validation from the society and the authority. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/48-50]<ref name=Susruta/> Thus the scientific knowledge plays a key role in shaping the career of physician.
===Importance of aaptopadesha pramana in diagnosis of diseases===
Aaptopadesha is amongst the three [[pramana]] indicated for the rightful study of any disease. Aaptopadesha gives valid information about any disease with respect to its causes, symptomatology, location prognosis, nomenclature according to [[Ayurveda]]. The five means of knowledge (nidana panchaka) of different diseases mentioned in the texts is the basis of knowledge of any particular disorder. The basic principles of [[Ayurveda]] mentioned in the text are helpful in diagnosis of any disease irrespective of its mention in classics.
===Importance of aaptopadesha pramana in prevention of diseases===
[[Ayurveda]] holistically explains different aspects of preventive medicine in terms of [[dinacharya]], [[ritucharya]], [[sadvritta]], vega-avidharana etc. The fundamental principles related to each of the above are explained in the samhita. Thus, the aaptavachana or aaptopadesha is source of prevention of diseases and maintenance of health. The knowledge of the prescription of authoritative sages as important aspect in disease prevention. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/55] ‘Aaptopasevi’ or the person who is devoted or serves the authorities or respected population seldom falls prey to disease manifestation. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/46] The following the guidelines of preventive and promotive health explained in the [[Ayurveda]] texts can contribute to the preservation of health.
===Importance of aaptopadesha pramana in treatment of diseases===
Physicians should follow the treatment principles mentioned in the science without doubt for successful treatment of diseases. These are validated by aagama pramana and are observable and experienced with the help of [[pratyaksha pramana]].[Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/75]<ref name=Susruta/> The principles mentioned in the samhita should be incorporated in practice as they are valid and pure as vedic mantra. The [[Ayurveda]] is directed towards the purpose of disease treatment and the principles of treatment of various diseases mentioned in the texts are applicable in clinical scenario. The principles of [[shodhana]], [[shamana]], [[nidana parivarjana]], different medications and herbal/herbomineral compounds. Also the principles of drug selection, drug identification and administration mentioned in the texts are the testimony of application of aaptopadesha.
===Aaptopadesha pramana as a research tool===
Aaptodesha pramana is considered as a primary tool for research. It is the base for literary and conceptual research. The aaptopadesha forms the major step of review of literature and previous work done on the subject. A substantive, thorough, sophisticated literature review is a precondition for undertaking and commencing any kind of research. It is process of inductive research where there is acquirement of new theory. The aaptopadesha thus provides knowledge or literature base for the accessible information. It can be compared to literature review, desk reviews, narrative reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analysis on the subject. It is the theoretical basis of knowledge formation. It is the foundation for further information and research on any subject. Literature review can be considered as more or less a systematic way of collecting and synthesizing previous knowledge.<ref name=Lit>Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines - ScienceDirect [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 24]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296319304564</ref> A literature review integrates the findings and perspectives from many empirical findings to address research questions with a power that no single study can completely establish. It helps to compile the dispersed knowledge at various instances in the literature to provide a summary or zest of authentic knowledge. The narrative reviews or literature reviews give broader knowledge regarding the available information and extend the horizons for synthesis of novel information. Thus it sensitizes the researcher regarding the theory development, existing literature and gaps in the knowledge process.<ref name=Bau>Baumeister RF, Leary MR. Writing Narrative Literature Reviews. Review of General Psychology. 1997 Sep 1;1(3):311–20.</ref> However, the narrative reviews often include a component of selection bias. These are more descriptive and focus on hypothesis formation rather the testing of hypothesis.
Systematic reviews thus provide the highest level of evidence as they extract the relevant and reliable information from dispersed empirical data.<ref name=uman>Uman LS. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;20(1):57–9.</ref> They give thorough knowledge regarding the research performed and future scope pertaining to any particular subject. Systematic reviews typically involve a detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy derived a priori, with the goal of reducing bias by identifying, appraising, and synthesizing all relevant studies on a particular topic.<ref name=tranfield>Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P. Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management. 2003;14(3):207–22.</ref> Systematic reviews often include a meta-analysis component which involves using statistical techniques to synthesize the data from several studies into a single quantitative estimate or summary effect size.<ref name=petticrew>Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887</ref>
The samhita, commentaries on samhita, sangraha grantha, nighantu grantha, kosha, vyakhya, textbooks, archival texts, published research works can be considered as sources of aaptopadesha according to [[Ayurveda]].
===Importance of aaptopadesha pramana as teaching and learning tool===
The advent of art of writing, invention of paper and printing technology was preceded by the verbal communication of Acharya and Rishi in the Samhita period. The knowledge was largely communicated through oral or verbal form. The Ayurveda avatarana (hierarchy of transfer of knowledge of [[Ayurveda]]) also suggests that the science of [[Ayurveda]] was passed on by Brahma through the means of verbal communication.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/4) Thus the shabda pramana was the primary source of knowledge since times immoral. This also highlights the extensive usage of question-answer based teaching and learning methodology in [[Ayurveda]] classics as suggested by ‘Na-prushtwa-guravo-vadanti nyaya'. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/4] It is the foundation for the trividha dnyanopaya or means of learning about any subject matter is largely based on aaptopadesha.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/6] All the three aspects study (adhyayana), teaching (adhyapana) and discussion (tadvidya sambhasha) involve the derivation of knowledge from the aapta or texts. The initial or theoretical study (paatha), understanding of the concepts (avabodha), application of the knowledge (anusthana) are also dependant on aaptopadesha. [A.Hr.Uttara Sthana 40/82]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The basics of understanding of the texts or literary matter explained in the samhita like [[tantrayukti]], tacchilya, vadamarga, [[pramana]], arthashraya, siddhant are derived from aaptopadesha and can help to testify the concepts mentioned in the samhita as well. Acharya Sushruta advises every individual to be well versed with different types of sciences and texts in order to become a proficient [[vaidya]]. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/7]<ref name=Susruta/> This underlines the importance of learning the science directly from the teachers. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/8]<ref name=Susruta/> The aaptopadesha explores and strengthens the cognitive and memory based domain of the pedagogy.
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