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''Vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects), in this context, is of five types – ''nyunam, adhikam, anarthakam, aparthakam, viruddham''. Without these there is no damage to the contextual sense.  

''Vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects), in this context, is of five types – ''nyunam, adhikam, anarthakam, aparthakam, viruddham''. Without these there is no damage to the contextual sense.  

#''Nyunam'' (semantic deficiency) such as – if there is lack of even one of the five – proposition (''pratijna''), reason (''hetu''), instance (''udaharan''), correlation (''upanaya'') and conclusion (''nigaman'') or if there be many reasons and only one reason is resorted to for proving something than it is defined as ''nyunam''.  

#''Nyunam'' (semantic deficiency) such as – if there is lack of even one of the five – proposition (''pratijna''), reason ([[hetu]]), instance (''udaharan''), correlation (''upanaya'') and conclusion (''nigaman'') or if there be many reasons and only one reason is resorted to for proving something than it is defined as ''nyunam''.  

#Adhikam (superfluity) is just contrary to nyunam such as while talking about [[Ayurveda]]  one says about some irrelevant texts such as that composed by Barhaspatyam or Aushana or even if relevant it is repeated unnecessarily than the repetition (''punarikti'') also comes under ''adhikam'' (superfluity). Repetition (''punarikta'') is of two types – ''arthapunaruktam'' (semantic repetition) and ''shabdapunaruktam'' (verbal repetition). The former (''arthapunaruktam'') consists of the repetition of the same idea by different synonymous words such as ''bheshajam, aushadham'' and ''sadhanam'' and the repetition of the same word such as, ''bheshaja'' is called as ''shabdapunaruktam''.  

#Adhikam (superfluity) is just contrary to nyunam such as while talking about [[Ayurveda]]  one says about some irrelevant texts such as that composed by Barhaspatyam or Aushana or even if relevant it is repeated unnecessarily than the repetition (''punarikti'') also comes under ''adhikam'' (superfluity). Repetition (''punarikta'') is of two types – ''arthapunaruktam'' (semantic repetition) and ''shabdapunaruktam'' (verbal repetition). The former (''arthapunaruktam'') consists of the repetition of the same idea by different synonymous words such as ''bheshajam, aushadham'' and ''sadhanam'' and the repetition of the same word such as, ''bheshaja'' is called as ''shabdapunaruktam''.  

#''Anarthakam'' (nonessential statement) is that where there is only jumble of alphabets devoid of any sense. ''Aparthakam'' is deprivation of meaning due to lack of mutual connection of otherwise meaningful words such as, ''chakra-na(ta)kra-vamsha-vajra-nishakara''.  

#''Anarthakam'' (nonessential statement) is that where there is only jumble of alphabets devoid of any sense. ''Aparthakam'' is deprivation of meaning due to lack of mutual connection of otherwise meaningful words such as, ''chakra-na(ta)kra-vamsha-vajra-nishakara''.  

Now convention (''samaya'') is of three types – ''Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya,'' (ritual) and ethical (''mokshashastrika''). Ayurvedic ''samaya'' (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, ''yajnika samaya'' (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, ''mokshashastrika'' (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as ''viruddha'' (incongruity). Thus are the ''vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects).[54]

Now convention (''samaya'') is of three types – ''Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya,'' (ritual) and ethical (''mokshashastrika''). Ayurvedic ''samaya'' (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, ''yajnika samaya'' (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, ''mokshashastrika'' (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as ''viruddha'' (incongruity). Thus are the ''vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects).[54]

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====34.''Vakyaprashamsa'' (syntactical excellence) ====

====34.''Vakyaprashamsa'' (syntactical excellence) ====

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