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Line 61: − + + + − + − + + + + − + + + + + − + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + − ===Anatomical aspects of buddhi===+ − + + − + − + − + + − + − The following table shows the association of indriya buddhi and associated areas in brain. + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + − ===Physiological aspects of buddhi===+
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The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5] Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions. (SAT-A.159) It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems. Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and smriti (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence. All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.
The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]
Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions. (SAT-A.159) It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems.Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and smriti (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence.
All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.
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{{Infobox
Understanding the truth or anything in its original form is called as “satya buddhi.” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/38],[Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/142-143]
Understanding the truth or anything in its original form is called as “satya buddhi.” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/38],[Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/142-143]
This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/ ] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/ ] Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]
This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/53-54] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/58 ] Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]
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== Classification ==
== Classification ==
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Intelligence (buddhi) can be of two kinds.
Intelligence (buddhi) can be of two kinds.
a) Inherent (sahaja buddhi)
b) Acquired through the process of learning (shastraja buddhi)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]9/24, chakrapani]
a)Inherent (sahaja buddhi)
b)Acquired through the process of learning (shastraja buddhi)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]9/24, chakrapani]
Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.
Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.
Three categories of learners:
==Three categories of learners:==
There are three categories of learners or students (shishya) based on their ability to learn, grasp, understand and retain knowledge (buddhi).
There are three categories of learners or students (shishya) based on their ability to learn, grasp, understand and retain knowledge (buddhi).
a) Low intelligence (avara buddhi)
a) Low intelligence (avara buddhi)
b) Average intelligence (madhyama buddhi)
b) Average intelligence (madhyama buddhi)
c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
Intelligence quotient (IQ):
===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===
A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.
A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.
IQ Range ("deviation IQ") IQ Classification
130 and above Extremely High
{| class="wikitable"
120-129 Very High
|-
110-119 High Average
!IQ Range ("deviation IQ")!! IQ Classification
90-109 Average
|-
80-89 Low Average
|130 and above || Extremely High
70-79 Very Low
|-
69 and below Extremely Low
|120-129 || Very High
|-
|110-119 || High Average
|-
|90-109 || Average
|-
|80-89 || Low Average
|-
|70-79 || Very Low
|-
|69 and below|| Extremely Low
|}
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
==Anatomical aspects of buddhi==
Embryological development
===Embryological development===
In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]
In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]
The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
Site:
===Site of buddhi===
The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The sadhaka variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
Anatomical considerations of intelligence
===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===
The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.
The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.
Sensory perceptions:
===Sensory perceptions:===
The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
Table : Association of indriya and areas of cerebral cortex
The following table shows the association of [[indriya]] buddhi and associated areas in brain.
Perception Area in Cortex
Auditory perception (shrotrendriya buddhi) Auditory area (area no. 21, 22)
'''Table : Association of indriya and areas of cerebral cortex'''
Tactile perception (sparshanendriya buddhi) Somesthetic & Somesthetic association area (area no. 1,2,3,5&7)
{| class="wikitable"
Visual perception (chakshurindriya buddhi) Primary visual & visual association area (area no. 17,18,19)
|-
Gustatory perception (rasanendriya buddhi) Gustatory area (area no. 43)
!Perception !! Area in Cortex
Olfactory perception (ghranendriya buddhi) Olfactory area (area no. 28)
|-
|Auditory perception (shrotrendriya buddhi)|| Auditory area (area no. 21, 22)
|-
|Tactile perception (sparshanendriya buddhi)|| Somesthetic & Somesthetic association area (area no. 1,2,3,5&7)
|-
|Visual perception (chakshurindriya buddhi) ||Primary visual & visual association area (area no. 17,18,19)
|-
|Gustatory perception (rasanendriya buddhi)|| Gustatory area (area no. 43)
|-
|Olfactory perception (ghranendriya buddhi)|| Olfactory area (area no. 28)
|}
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
==Physiological aspects of buddhi==
The [[dosha]] are responsible for various intellectual functions. The process of receiving-transmitting the sensory inputs and initiating motor functions is done by [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Sharpness of intelligence (medha/dhi) is attributed to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Maintenance of proper intellectual function is attributed to [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12]
The [[dosha]] are responsible for various intellectual functions. The process of receiving-transmitting the sensory inputs and initiating motor functions is done by [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Sharpness of intelligence (medha/dhi) is attributed to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3] Maintenance of proper intellectual function is attributed to [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12]
As per physical constitution ([[prakriti]]), individuals with [[kapha]] predominant constitution are endowed with the excellence of intelligence [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/96]. The persons with [[pitta]] predominant constitution exhibit sharpness of intellectual functions. [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/92]
As per physical constitution ([[prakriti]]), individuals with [[kapha]] predominant constitution are endowed with the excellence of intelligence [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/96]. The persons with [[pitta]] predominant constitution exhibit sharpness of intellectual functions. [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/92]