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The time of administration of medicine is called as ‘Aushadhasevana kala’.  The efficacy and safety of medicine vary as per the time of administration. Chrono-pharmacology deals with studies of biological rhythm dependencies of drugs regarding its pharmacological effects and/or pharmacokinetics/dynamics of drugs in both animals and humans.

The time of administration of medicine is called as ‘Aushadha sevana kala’.  The efficacy and safety of medicine vary as per the time of administration. Chrono-pharmacology deals with studies of biological rhythm dependencies of drugs regarding its pharmacological effects and/or pharmacokinetics/dynamics of drugs in both animals and humans.

In Ayurveda, different times of medicine administration are mentioned for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana.13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The principle of circadian rhythm of [[dosha]], their influence on human physiology is considered to achieve highest active potential of a medicine. By applying this principle of chronopharmacology, maximum efficacy can be achieved even in smaller doses. Moreover, a single medicine can be used in different disorders as per biological rhythms and states of [[dosha]]. Thus, the requirement of medicine can be reduced to treat multiple disorders. Duration of medical treatment in chronic disorders can also be reduced.

In Ayurveda, different times of medicine administration are mentioned for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The principle of circadian rhythm of [[dosha]], their influence on human physiology is considered to achieve highest active potential of a medicine. By applying this principle of chrono-pharmacology, maximum efficacy can be achieved even in smaller doses. Moreover, a single medicine can be used in different disorders as per biological rhythms and states of [[dosha]]. Thus, the requirement of medicine can be reduced to treat multiple disorders. Duration of medical treatment in chronic disorders can also be reduced.

It is to be noted that in clinical practice, only gastrointestinal irritation and drug-food interactions are considered while deciding the time of administration. Accordingly the drug is prescribed to take empty stomach or after meals. However, the principles of chronopharmacology in regards to biological rhythm are not followed.

It is to be noted that in clinical practice, only gastrointestinal irritation and drug-food interactions are considered while deciding the time of administration. Accordingly the drug is prescribed to take empty stomach or after meals. However, the principles of chronopharmacology in regards to biological rhythm are not followed.

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|data1 = [[Chikitsa]] / [[Aushadhasevana kala]]  

|data1 = [[Chikitsa]] / [[Aushadha Sevana Kala]]  

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

==Synonyms==

==Synonyms==

It is also known as bheshajakala.

It is also known as bheshaja kala.

==Times of administration of medicine==

==Times of administration of medicine==

===Empty stomach===

===Empty stomach===

'''Synonyms:'''Pratahaniranna, abhaktam, ananna

'''Synonyms:''' Pratah niranna, abhaktam, ananna

'''Time:''' Administration of medicine early in the morning empty stomach, or during sunrise [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or when the stomach is free from [[kapha]][[dosha]] at the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

'''Time:''' Administration of medicine early in the morning empty stomach, or during sunrise [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or when the stomach is free from [[kapha]][[dosha]] at the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

'''Implications:'''The efficacy of medicine is more significant at this time on empty stomach. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs are administered at this time and weight reduction can be achieved.[Sha.Purvakhanda.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/>The person with good strength shall take medicine at this time. [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref> Medicines for the treatment of aggravated [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] conditions are given at this time. [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/>This time is best for treating disorders due to vitiation of vyana[[vata]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299]

'''Implications:'''The efficacy of medicine is more significant at this time on empty stomach. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs are administered at this time and weight reduction can be achieved.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/>The person with good strength shall take medicine at this time. [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref> Medicines for the treatment of aggravated [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] conditions are given at this time. [Sha.Sa.Purva khanda.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/>This time is best for treating disorders due to vitiation of vyana [[vata]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299]

'''Contraindications:''' The medicine with higher potency shall not be administered on empty stomach to children, aged persons; ladies, debilitated persons. The medicine given at this time may cause tiredness and weakness. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/67]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> Persons who are thirsty, hungry, who have consumed cold water, suffering from indigestion shall not take medicine at this time. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/23]<ref name=Sangraha/>

'''Contraindications:''' The medicine with higher potency shall not be administered on empty stomach to children, aged persons; ladies, debilitated persons. The medicine given at this time may cause tiredness and weakness. [Su. Sa. Uttara Sthana 64/67]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> Persons who are thirsty, hungry, who have consumed cold water, suffering from indigestion shall not take medicine at this time. [A. S. Sutra Sthana 23/23]<ref name=Sangraha/>

===Before meals===

===Before meals===

'''Synonyms:'''Bhuktadau, prakbaktam, purvabhakta, annadau

'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktadau, prakbaktam, purvabhakta, annadau

'''Implications:''' The medicine is properly digested without being expelled when ingested empty stomach. It cures diseases due to the vitiation of apana[[vata]] and the lower part of body. It strengthens the lower part of body. This time is ideal to administer medicine for reducing weight. [A.S.Sutra Sthana. 23/15]<ref name=Sangraha/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299], [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/>The [[dosha]] present in the stomach (amasaya) is destroyed if medicine is given at this time. [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/44]<ref name=Kashyapa/>

'''Implications:''' The medicine is properly digested without being expelled when ingested empty stomach. It cures diseases due to the vitiation of apana [[vata]] and the lower part of body. It strengthens the lower part of body. This time is ideal to administer medicine for reducing weight. [A.S. Sutra Sthana 23/15]<ref name=Sangraha/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299], [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/>The [[dosha]] present in the stomach (amashaya) is destroyed if medicine is given at this time. [Ka. Sa. Khila Sthana 3/44]<ref name=Kashyapa/>

'''Indications:''' Aged persons, children, ladies and cowards. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/69]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Indications:''' Aged persons, children, ladies and cowards. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/69]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktapashchat, adhobhaktam, adhabhaktam, bhuktaante

'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktapashchat, adhobhaktam, adhabhaktam, bhuktaante

'''Implications:''' The medicine interacts with food present in the stomach. The medicine is mixed and circulated with the nourishing part prepared from food (ahara rasa) by vyana[[vata]]. This time of administration is indicated in diseases of upper part of body as it provides strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately.[Ka. Khila Sthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It improves the stoutness of body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Medicine is given after breakfast or lunch in diseases due to vitiation of vyana[[vata]][Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/299], [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutra Sthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Medicine is given after dinner or evening meals in diseases due to vitiation of udana[[vata]].[A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Sharangadhara advises to give medicines after evening food to treat disorders due to prana vayu [Sha.Purvakhanda 02/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> and disorders of [[kapha]][[dosha]]. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>

'''Implications:''' The medicine interacts with food present in the stomach. The medicine is mixed and circulated with the nourishing part prepared from food (ahara rasa) by vyana[[vata]]. This time of administration is indicated in diseases of upper part of body as it provides strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately.[Ka. Khila Sthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It improves the stoutness of body. [A.S. Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Medicine is given after breakfast or lunch in diseases due to vitiation of vyana [[vata]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/299], [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A. Hr. Sutra Sthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Medicine is given after dinner or evening meals in diseases due to vitiation of udana [[vata]].[A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> Sharangadhara advises to give medicines after evening food to treat disorders due to prana vayu [Sha.Purvakhanda 02/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> and disorders of [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>

===During meals, after finishing first half of meal===

===During meals, after finishing first half of meal===

'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktamadhya, madhya bhaktam, madhye.

'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktamadhya, madhya bhaktam, madhye.

'''Implications:''' The medicine is given to improve digestion in persons with poor digestive capacity. [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/> It improves the functions of samana[[vata]] and digestive processes. [Sha.Purvakhanda 2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/299] [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana.13/38]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/> This time is indicated in diseases of middle part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/> The medicine during meals interacts with food and digestive juices in gut. It can easily move the [[dosha]] in internal organs (antaraashaya). [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It cures the diseases due to [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and those related to gut.[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>

'''Implications:''' The medicine is given to improve digestion in persons with poor digestive capacity. [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/> It improves the functions of samana [[vata]] and digestive processes. [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/299] [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana13/38]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/> This time is indicated in diseases of middle part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/72]<ref name=Susruta/> The medicine during meals interacts with food and digestive juices in gut. It can easily move the [[dosha]] in internal organs (antaraashaya). [Ka. Sa. Khila Sthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It cures the diseases due to [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and those related to gut.[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>

===Before and after meals (samudgam)===

===Before and after meals (samudgam)===

In two doses before and after meals

In two doses before and after meals

'''Implications:''' This time is best suited to give medicine to treat hiccups, tremors, and convulsions.[Sha.Purvakhanda.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/> The medicine should be given along with light meal and meal in less quantity. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/301] The time of medicine is indicated to treat [[dosha]] that has spread in upper and lower directions. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/77]<ref name=Susruta/>[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/>

'''Implications:''' This time is best suited to give medicine to treat hiccups, tremors, and convulsions.[Sha.Purvakhanda.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/> The medicine should be given along with light meal and meal in less quantity. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/301] The time of medicine is indicated to treat [[dosha]] that has spread in upper and lower directions. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana64/77]<ref name=Susruta/>[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/>

===Medicine mixed with food===

===Medicine mixed with food===

'''Synonyms:''' Annaihiyuktam, sabhaktam, saannam,bhaktasamyuktam

'''Synonyms:''' Annaihiyuktam, sabhaktam, saannam,bhaktasamyuktam

'''Implications:''' Medicines are given by mixing with variety of attractive foods. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/301] This time of medicine is used to treat anorexia [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/> and persons with good or low strength, who have aversion towards medicine, children and aged persons.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/> This form is also used when the patient is not willing to take essential medicines. The medicine given at this time nourishes body. It helps to protect the strength and digestive capacity. It is used to treat the diseases affecting the whole body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/18]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is indicated in persons with poor digestion, ladies, delicate, wounded, and weak individuals.[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/>

'''Implications:''' Medicines are given by mixing with variety of attractive foods. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/301] This time of medicine is used to treat anorexia [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/> and persons with good or low strength, who have aversion towards medicine, children and aged persons.[Su.Sa. Uttara Sthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/> This form is also used when the patient is not willing to take essential medicines. The medicine given at this time nourishes body. It helps to protect the strength and digestive capacity. It is used to treat the diseases affecting the whole body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/18]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is indicated in persons with poor digestion, ladies, delicate, wounded, and weak individuals.[Ka. Sa. Khila Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/>

===Mixed with each morsel of food===

===Mixed with each morsel of food===

'''Synonyms:'''Grasa, grasegrase, sagrasam

'''Synonyms:'''Grasa, grasegrase, sagrasam

'''Implications:''' Medicines at this time are indicated in disorders due to vitiation of prana [[vata]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/300] [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Aphrodisiac (vajeekarana) medicines and those for increasing the digestive capacity are administered by adding with each morsel of food. [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Sharangadhara advises this time of medicine to treat disorders of udaana[[vata]]. [Sha.Purva Khanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>

'''Implications:''' Medicines at this time are indicated in disorders due to vitiation of prana [[vata]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/300] [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Aphrodisiac ([[Vajikarana Chikitsa|vajeekarana]]) medicines and those for increasing the digestive capacity are administered by adding with each morsel of food. [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Sharangadhara advises this time of medicine to treat disorders of udaana[[vata]]. [Sha.Purva Khanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>

   

   

'''Indications:''' Weak persons, persons having poor spermatogenesis and debility (ksheena shukra), scanty semen (alpa shukra) [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, less digestive capacity [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>, disorders of speech (swarabhanga) and diseases related to throat. [Sha.Purvakhanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>

'''Indications:''' Weak persons, persons having poor spermatogenesis and debility (ksheena shukra), scanty semen (alpa shukra) [Ka.Khila Sthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, less digestive capacity [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>, disorders of speech (swarabhanga) and diseases related to throat. [Sha.Purvakhanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>

'''Synonyms:''' Grasaantare, kavalantare

'''Synonyms:''' Grasaantare, kavalantare

'''Implications:''' This time of medicine is indicated when emetic medicine needs to be given with food. Emetic smoke inhalation is given at this time to treat conditions of dyspnea.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/82]<ref name=Susruta/> Medicines for cardiac diseases, drugs for therapeutic vomiting and medicated smoke are given at this time. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is also indicated in impaired voice (swarabhanga) and throat disorders. [Sha.Purvakhanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> This time is indicated for diseases due to vitiation of vyana[[vata]]. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

'''Implications:''' This time of medicine is indicated when emetic medicine needs to be given with food. Emetic smoke inhalation is given at this time to treat conditions of dyspnea.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/82]<ref name=Susruta/> Medicines for cardiac diseases, drugs for therapeutic vomiting and medicated smoke are given at this time. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is also indicated in impaired voice (swarabhanga) and throat disorders. [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> This time is indicated for diseases due to vitiation of vyana [[vata]]. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

===Frequent administration or as needed===

===Frequent administration or as needed===

'''Synonyms:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu

'''Synonyms:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu

'''Implications:''' This time of medicine is used to treat recurrent bouts of diseases like morbid thirst (trit), vomiting (chhardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (shwasa), cough (kasa) and poisoning (garavisha). The medicines can be given with or without food.[Sha.Purvakhanda 2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/300],[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/79]<ref name=Susruta/>,[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>,[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>

'''Implications:''' This time of medicine is used to treat recurrent bouts of diseases like morbid thirst (trit), vomiting (chhardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (shwasa), cough (kasa) and poisoning (gara visha). The medicines can be given with or without food.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/300],[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/79]<ref name=Susruta/>,[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>,[A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>

===Bed time (nishi)===

===Bed time (nishi)===

'''Implications:''' This time is indicated to treat the diseases of head and neck.[Sha.Purvakhanda 2/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>, [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is also indicated to treat psychiatric diseases. The medicines in different forms are given for reducing body bulk (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shamana) purpose.

'''Implications:''' This time is indicated to treat the diseases of head and neck.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 2/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>, [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>, [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> It is also indicated to treat psychiatric diseases. The medicines in different forms are given for reducing body bulk (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shamana) purpose.

===In between two meals===

===In between two meals===

'''Synonyms:''' Antarabhaktam, bhaktasyamadhyam

'''Synonyms:''' Antarabhaktam, bhaktasyamadhyam

'''Implications:''' This time is indicated when the digestion of food is complete. It is indicated for those having good digestive capacity [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/> and persons suffering from mild diseases.[Ka.Khila Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/> The medicine given at this time is good for heart (hridya), gives more strength to mind (manobalakara), increases the digestive capacity ([[deepana]]) and wholesome (pathya).[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Implications:''' This time is indicated when the digestion of food is complete. It is indicated for those having good digestive capacity [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/> and persons suffering from mild diseases.[Ka. Sa. Khila Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/> The medicine given at this time is good for heart (hridya), gives more strength to mind (manobalakara), increases the digestive capacity ([[deepana]]) and wholesome (pathya).[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/>

==Factors for deciding time of administration==

==Factors for deciding time of administration==

#Biological rhythm of [[dosha]] at that time and its role in pathogenesis of disease

#Biological rhythm of [[dosha]] at that time and its role in pathogenesis of disease

#Food and drug interactions, presence of food, digestive juices in stomach that can interfere with efficacy of drug  

#Food and drug interactions, presence of food, digestive juices in stomach that can interfere with efficacy of drug  

#[[Vata]][[dosha]] is responsible for transport of medicine to the receptor site. Type of [[vata]][[dosha]] involved in pathogenesis of disease is considered.

#[[Vata]] [[dosha]] is responsible for transport of medicine to the receptor site. Type of [[vata]] [[dosha]] involved in pathogenesis of disease is considered.

#Form of medicine that can achieve highest efficacy at that time.  

#Form of medicine that can achieve highest efficacy at that time.  

#Age, physiological condition of person like pregnancy, lactation etc., strength of person.

#Age, physiological condition of person like pregnancy, lactation etc., strength of person.

==Time of administration based on form of medicine==

==Time of administration based on form of medicine==

*Empty stomach:  Decoction [Sha.Purvakhanda.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>

*Empty stomach:  Decoction [Sha.Sa. Purva khanda.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>

*Before and after meals: Electuaries (avaleha) for digestion ([[pachana]])

*Before and after meals: Electuaries (avaleha) for digestion ([[pachana]])

*With each morsel: Medicines in powder, electuary and tablet form. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/>

*With each morsel: Medicines in powder, electuary and tablet form. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/>

*In between two morsel: Electuaries [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>

*In between two morsel: Electuaries [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>

==Contemporary views and current researches==

==Contemporary views and current researches==

==Abbreviations==

==Abbreviations==

Cha. = Charak, Su. = Sushruta, A. = Ashtanga, S. = Sangraha, Hr. = Hridaya,  Sa. = Samhita, Ka. = Kasyapa, Sha. = Shargadara

Cha. = Charak, Su. = Sushruta, A. = Ashtanga, S. = Sangraha, Hr. = Hridaya,  Sa. = Samhita, Ka. = Kasyapa, Sha. = Sharangadhara

==References==

==References==