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Charak Samhita[2] Sushrut Samhita[3] Ashtanga Hridaya[4] Kashyap Samhita[5] Sharangdhara Samhita[6]
Charak Samhita[2] Sushrut Samhita[3] Ashtanga Hridaya[4] Kashyap Samhita[5] Sharangdhara Samhita[6]
== Primary centers of dosha ==
These are omnipresent throughout the body. However, their primary centres are located in below umbilicus (vata dosha), between umbilicus and cardiac region (pitta dosha) and above cardiac region (kapha dosha). [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/7]
More specifically, vata dosha regulates the functions in the regions of large intestine (pakvashaya), lumbar region (kati), thighs (sakthi), ears (shrotra), bones (asthi) and skin (sparshanendriay). Pitta dosha regulates functions in umbilicus (nabhi), stomach (amashaya), sweat glands (sweda), lymphatics (lasika), blood (rudhira), nutrient fluids (rasa), eyes(drik), and skin (sparshana). Kapha dosha regulates functions in chest, throat, head (shira), all joints (parva), stomach(amashaya), nutrient fluids (rasa), adipose tissue (meda), nose (ghrana) and tongue(jivha). [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 12/1-3]
== Affinity of vitiation ==
Dosha primarily vitiate their own sites of body constituents (dhatu and mala). The vata dosha resides in and vitiates bones (asthi); pitta dosha vitiates sweat (sweda) and blood (rakta dhatu). Kapha dosha affects all remaining body constituents like nutrient fluids (rasa dhatu), muscle tissue (mamsa dhatu), adipose tissue (meda dhatu), bone marrow(majja), reproductive constituents (shukra dhatu), urine (mutra) and stools (purisha). [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/26]
These sites are important in diagnosis of origin of disease pathology, site of lesion, and target oriented treatments.
== Importance of dosha ==
Dosha are the fundamental principles of body that are responsible for every physiological as well as pathological events in the body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3, A.sa. Sutra Sthana 16, A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11] Dosha form the fundamental body constitution (prakriti), play vital role in digestion and metabolism (agni), preserve and maintain health while in state of equilibrium.
=== Body constitution or phenotype (dosha prakriti) ===
The body constitution (prakriti) of a person is based upon the relative proportions of the three dosha. The equilibrium or dominance of dosha at the time of formation of embryo determines the body constitution (deha prakriti). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/40] This proportion is further modulated by the diet and lifestyle of mother, age, and the environment in which the person grows to generate the unique dosha-prakriti of the individual. The individual shows characteristic features of respective dominant dosha in prakriti. It is very similar to the phenotype in modern biology. Thus, the current genetic paradigms believe that the phenotype of individual results from interaction between genotype (established at fertilization) and the environment, which includes epigenetic changes resulting from parental age, diet, lifestyle, and other environmental factors. Genomic variations with the classification of prakriti are studied. It is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of pitta prakriti. This suggests that the phenotypic classification has a genetic basis; and its prakriti-based practice resonates with personalized medicine. The relation between clinical phenotype and predisposition of disease is studied. The study was carried out on the association of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C with type 2 diabetes and prakriti. An extremely strong association between prakriti (kaphaja/kapha-pittaja) and type 2 diabetes (P < 0.00001) was detected in this study.
Studies have shown that Ayurvedic body type classification may be associated with genes of inflammation and oxidative stress factors, the rate of DNA methylation and development of cardiovascular diseases.
=== Influence of dosha on digestion (agni) and gut (koshtha) ===
The dominant dosha influences the biological processes of digestion and metabolism. It also affects the gut functions (koshtha). The digestion and gut patterns are classified into three categories based on the dominance of dosha as shown in table below.
'''Table 2: Influence of dosha on digestion and gut pattern [9]'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr.No''' !! ''Dosha''!! ''Agni (digestion pattern)''!! ''Koshtha (gut pattern)''!! ''Clinical picture''!!
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 1
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Vata
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Irregular digestion (Vishama agni)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Hard bowel (Krura koshta)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Irregular digestion, hard stools, constipation, inhibited intestinal motility, discomfort in defecation and abdominal pressure
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 2
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pitta
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Fast digestion (Tikshna agni)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Soft bowel (Mrudu koshta)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Fast digestion, increased sensitivity of intestinal mucosa, loose motions, frequent defecation
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 3
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Kapha
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Slow digestion (Manda agni)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Medium (not too soft, not too hard) bowel (Madhyam koshta)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Slow and sluggish digestion, semi solid, soft consistency of stool, defecation with ease
|-
|}
=== Pathological importance ===
The dosha are the factors that get vitiated themselves in the initial stage of the disease. Further, they vitiate other body constituents (dhatu and mala). Therefore, the disequilibrium of dosha is a primary and fundamental cause of any disease. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/3]
== Factors influencing dosha in body ==
=== Diet and lifestyle ===
The diet dominant in similar properties of dosha increases the proportion of dosha in the body. The diet which is opposite to the properties of dosha decreases the proportion of dosha. Therefore, the diet which maintains the equilibrium state of dosha in the body is advised for the preservation of health. The following table shows specific tastes and potencies that influences the dosha.