Changes

 

Urine (mutra) is an essential metabolic waste product (mala). It excretes excess water (udaka), moisture (kleda) and other non-usable waste products from the body (SAT-B.460).   

Urine (mutra) is an essential metabolic waste product (mala). It excretes excess water (udaka), moisture (kleda) and other non-usable waste products from the body (SAT-B.460).   

== Etymology and derivation ==

== Etymology and derivation ==

Urine is known by the Sanskrit word ‘mutra’. It is derived from the word root “mutr-prasrave” that means to piss, to lose water etc.  It is also known by the synonyms  prasrava and drava mala.  

 

==Formation of urine===

Urine is known by the Sanskrit word ‘mutra’. It is derived from the word root “mutr-prasrave” that means to piss, to lose water etc.  It is also known by the synonyms  'prasrava' and 'drava mala'.  

The waste products of digestion of food get diluted in water in the intestine. After absorption, products are circulated for filtration and metabolic transformation to form urine which goes through ureter to urinary bladder and then excreted through urethra. [Sha. Sa. Purva khanda 4] The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.   

 

==Normal composition of urine ==

==Formation of urine==

The urine is composed of various nitrogen-based products formed during cellular metabolism and other electrolytes. The properties and composition of urine is as described below.   

 

Property and composition Normal range in humans  

The waste products of digestion of food get diluted in water in the intestine. After absorption, products are circulated for filtration and metabolic transformation to form urine which goes through ureter to urinary bladder and then excreted through urethra.[Sha.Sa.Purva khanda 4] The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.  

Volume 0.8–2 L

    

pH 4.5–8.0

==Normal composition of urine==

Specific gravity (SG) 1.002–1.030 g/ml (all)

 

Osmolality 150–1150 mOsm/kg (>1)

The urine is composed of various nitrogen-based products formed during cellular metabolism and other electrolytes.  

Urea (CH4N2O) 10–35 g/d (all)

 

Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3) <750 mg/d (>16)

The properties and composition of urine is as described below.   

Creatinine (C4H7N3O)

Males: 955–2936 mg/d

!Property and composition!!Normal range in humans  

|Volume||0.8–2 L

|pH ||4.5–8.0

|Specific gravity (SG)||1.002–1.030 g/ml (all)

|Osmolality || 150–1150 mOsm/kg (>1)

|Urea (CH4N2O)||10–35 g/d (all)

|Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3)|| <750 mg/d (>16)

|Creatinine (C4H7N3O)||Males: 955–2936 mg/d

Females: 601–1689 mg/d (18–83)

Females: 601–1689 mg/d (18–83)

Citrate (C6H5O73−) 221–1191 mg/d (20–40)

Sodium (Na+) 41–227 mmol/d (all)

|Citrate (C6H5O73−)||221–1191 mg/d (20–40)

Potassium (K+) 17–77 mmol/d (all)

Ammonium (NH4+) 15–56 mmol/d (18–77)

|Sodium (Na+)|| 41–227 mmol/d (all)

Calcium (Ca2+)

Males:<250 mg/d

|Potassium (K+) ||17–77 mmol/d (all)

|Ammonium (NH4+)||15–56 mmol/d (18–77)

|Calcium (Ca2+)||Males:<250 mg/d

Females:<200 mg/d (18–77)

Females:<200 mg/d (18–77)

Magnesium (Mg2+) 51–269 mg/d (18–83)

Chloride (Cl−) 40–224 mmol/d (all)

|Magnesium (Mg2+)||51–269 mg/d (18–83)

Oxalate (C2O42−) 0.11–0.46 mmol/d (all)

Sulphate (SO42−) 7–47 mmol/d (all)

|Chloride (Cl−) ||40–224 mmol/d (all)

Phosphate (PO42−) 20–50 mmol/d (>18)

|Oxalate (C2O42−)||0.11–0.46 mmol/d (all)

|Sulphate (SO42−)||7–47 mmol/d (all)

|Phosphate (PO42−)||20–50 mmol/d (>18)

=== Quantity ===

=== Quantity ===