Changes

=== Pre-requisites for conception (Verse 3) ===

=== Pre-requisites for conception (Verse 3) ===

Sexual intercourse within the same clan causes ''adharma'', thus contraindicated in ''dharmashastra''. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Hence ''atulyagotra'' implies non-consanguineous cohabitation. The term ''rajakshaya'' implies menstrual (bleeding) phase, which is of three days and during this period sexual intercourse is contraindicated. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Post-menstrual phase is considered to be an appropriate time to conceive. This period is referred as ''ritu'' and the duration is expressly described in the texts. [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 2/33]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/40]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/27]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>; [K.Sa.Shaira Sthana 5/5],[Manu.3/46-47] It is also observed that the first three days and the 16th day of ''ritukala'' is not suitable for conception. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/> Analyzing the above facts, it could be stated that ''rajah-kshayante'' referred here is the post menstrual ovulatory phase and is from the 4th to the 15th day of the menstrual cycle.

Sexual intercourse within the same clan causes ''adharma'', thus contraindicated in ''dharmashastra''. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Hence ''atulyagotra'' implies non-consanguineous cohabitation. The term ''rajakshaya'' implies menstrual (bleeding) phase, which is of three days and during this period sexual intercourse is contraindicated. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Post-menstrual phase is considered to be an appropriate time to conceive. This period is referred as ''ritu'' and the duration is expressly described in the texts. [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 2/33]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/40]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/27]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>; [K.Sa.Shaira Sthana 5/5]<ref name=Kashyapa>Vrddhajivaka, Kasyapa Samhita. Edited by Tewari P V, Reprint edition. Varanasi: Chaukhambha visvabharati; 2008</ref>,[Manu.3/46-47] It is also observed that the first three days and the 16th day of ''ritukala'' is not suitable for conception. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/> Analyzing the above facts, it could be stated that ''rajah-kshayante'' referred here is the post menstrual ovulatory phase and is from the 4th to the 15th day of the menstrual cycle.

The influence of psychic component is very important to conceive and is described in many ways. A lonely place (''rahovisrishta'') is advised because any hindrance to the act affects emission of semen during coitus. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] A positive, healthy state of mind (''saumanasya'') is said to be the best state to conceive. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].25/40). If the woman thinks about an animal during coitus, the progeny takes the character of that animal. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25], [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sutra Sthana 13/2]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana.1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>, [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Hridaya/> Similarly, proper methods for sex (''mithuna'') are indicated and it is advised not to follow wrong methods. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Normal and abnormal postures [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/6],[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/58], [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58-59]<ref name=Sangraha/>, contraindication of coitus for both male and female along with their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/6], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 10/56]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/110-123]<ref name=Susruta/>, [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[B.P. Purvakandam 3/26]<ref name=Bhavaprakash>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000</ref> [B.P. Purvakandam 5/300-02]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>; [Bh.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/5-7] are found in many places. Four ''mahabhutas'' and six sources are the constituents of the ''sukshma-beeja'' which is taken with word ''shukra'' [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] viz. the sperm. (3)

The influence of psychic component is very important to conceive and is described in many ways. A lonely place (''rahovisrishta'') is advised because any hindrance to the act affects emission of semen during coitus. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] A positive, healthy state of mind (''saumanasya'') is said to be the best state to conceive. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].25/40). If the woman thinks about an animal during coitus, the progeny takes the character of that animal. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25], [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sutra Sthana 13/2]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana.1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>, [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Hridaya/> Similarly, proper methods for sex (''mithuna'') are indicated and it is advised not to follow wrong methods. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Normal and abnormal postures [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/6],[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/58], [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58-59]<ref name=Sangraha/>, contraindication of coitus for both male and female along with their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/6], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 10/56]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/110-123]<ref name=Susruta/>, [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[B.P. Purvakandam 3/26]<ref name=Bhavaprakash>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000</ref> [B.P. Purvakandam 5/300-02]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>; [Bh.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/5-7]<ref name=Bhela>Bhela, Bhela Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. . Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharati; 2008</ref> are found in many places. Four ''mahabhutas'' and six sources are the constituents of the ''sukshma-beeja'' which is taken with word ''shukra'' [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] viz. the sperm. (3)

=== Description of ''shukra'' (Verse 4-6) ===

=== Description of ''shukra'' (Verse 4-6) ===