Changes

Sexual intercourse within the same clan causes ''adharma'', thus contraindicated in ''dharmashastra''. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Hence ''atulyagotra'' implies non-consanguineous cohabitation. The term ''rajakshaya'' implies menstrual (bleeding) phase, which is of three days and during this period sexual intercourse is contraindicated. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Post-menstrual phase is considered to be an appropriate time to conceive. This period is referred as ''ritu'' and the duration is expressly described in the texts. [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 2/33]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/40]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/27]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>; [K.Sa.Shaira Sthana 5/5],[Manu.3/46-47] It is also observed that the first three days and the 16th day of ''ritukala'' is not suitable for conception. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/> Analyzing the above facts, it could be stated that ''rajah-kshayante'' referred here is the post menstrual ovulatory phase and is from the 4th to the 15th day of the menstrual cycle.

Sexual intercourse within the same clan causes ''adharma'', thus contraindicated in ''dharmashastra''. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Hence ''atulyagotra'' implies non-consanguineous cohabitation. The term ''rajakshaya'' implies menstrual (bleeding) phase, which is of three days and during this period sexual intercourse is contraindicated. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Post-menstrual phase is considered to be an appropriate time to conceive. This period is referred as ''ritu'' and the duration is expressly described in the texts. [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 2/33]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Su.Sa.Shaira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/40]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/27]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>; [K.Sa.Shaira Sthana 5/5],[Manu.3/46-47] It is also observed that the first three days and the 16th day of ''ritukala'' is not suitable for conception. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/6]<ref name=Susruta/> Analyzing the above facts, it could be stated that ''rajah-kshayante'' referred here is the post menstrual ovulatory phase and is from the 4th to the 15th day of the menstrual cycle.

The influence of psychic component is very important to conceive and is described in many ways. A lonely place (''rahovisrishta'') is advised because any hindrance to the act affects emission of semen during coitus. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] A positive, healthy state of mind (''saumanasya'') is said to be the best state to conceive. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].25/40). If the woman thinks about an animal during coitus, the progeny takes the character of that animal. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25], [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sutra Sthana 13/2]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana.1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>, [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Hridaya/> Similarly, proper methods for sex (''mithuna'') are indicated and it is advised not to follow wrong methods. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Normal and abnormal postures [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/6],[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/58], [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58-59]<ref name=Sangraha/>, contraindication of coitus for both male and female along with their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/6], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 10/56]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/110-123]<ref name=Susruta/>, [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[B.P. Purvakandam 3/26][B.P. Purvakandam 5/300-02]; [Bh.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/5-7] are found in many places. Four ''mahabhutas'' and six sources are the constituents of the ''sukshma-beeja'' which is taken with word ''shukra'' [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] viz. the sperm. (3)

The influence of psychic component is very important to conceive and is described in many ways. A lonely place (''rahovisrishta'') is advised because any hindrance to the act affects emission of semen during coitus. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] A positive, healthy state of mind (''saumanasya'') is said to be the best state to conceive. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].25/40). If the woman thinks about an animal during coitus, the progeny takes the character of that animal. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25], [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sutra Sthana 13/2]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana.1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>, [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Hridaya/> Similarly, proper methods for sex (''mithuna'') are indicated and it is advised not to follow wrong methods. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] Normal and abnormal postures [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/6],[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]8/58], [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58-59]<ref name=Sangraha/>, contraindication of coitus for both male and female along with their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/6], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 10/56]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/110-123]<ref name=Susruta/>, [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/58]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>,[B.P. Purvakandam 3/26]<ref name=Bhavaprakash>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000</ref> [B.P. Purvakandam 5/300-02]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>; [Bh.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/5-7] are found in many places. Four ''mahabhutas'' and six sources are the constituents of the ''sukshma-beeja'' which is taken with word ''shukra'' [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/3] viz. the sperm. (3)

=== Description of ''shukra'' (Verse 4-6) ===

=== Description of ''shukra'' (Verse 4-6) ===

=== Factors affecting gender of the fetus (Verse 12) ===

=== Factors affecting gender of the fetus (Verse 12) ===

It is generally accepted in various Ayurvedic texts that there is predominance of artava and shukra in the female or male child respectively [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/5]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [B.P.Purvakanda 3/40]; [Bh.S.Sharira Sthana.3/10] The partner ejaculating his/her seed first would determine the respective gender of the progeny. [Arunadatta on A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> Irrespective of quantity, the functional potency of shukra and artava influences the formation of sex. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/> Shukra and artava may be influenced by quantity of doshas affected by age, day, night, season, stage of food consumption [B.P.Purvakanda 3/40], thus impacting sex of fetus. Relative predominance of retas (semen) and indriya (sexual power) are also responsible for sex formation. [H.S.6th Sthan.1/26-27] Dakshina-nadi (right ovary) and vama-nadi (left ovary) are considered as “seats” for the formation of male and female child respectively (YR. Yonivyapada). Per some texts, God’s will is also responsible for sex formation. [Shr.S.Purvakanda.6/12] Apart from this, the day of coitus (either odd or even) is responsible for female or male child respectively. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/5]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/28-30]<ref name=Susruta/>,[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/12]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/48]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira SThana 1/28]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [K.S.Sharira Sthana 5/6], [Bh.S.Sharira Sthana 5/5]; [B.P.Purvakanda.3/21] It is also explained that if there is predominance of shukra but female ejaculates her ovum first, the child will be born male with feminine characters and vice-versa. [Arunadatta on A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> (12)

It is generally accepted in various Ayurvedic texts that there is predominance of artava and shukra in the female or male child respectively [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/5]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [B.P.Purvakanda 3/40]; [Bh.S.Sharira Sthana.3/10] The partner ejaculating his/her seed first would determine the respective gender of the progeny. [Arunadatta on A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> Irrespective of quantity, the functional potency of shukra and artava influences the formation of sex. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/> Shukra and artava may be influenced by quantity of doshas affected by age, day, night, season, stage of food consumption [B.P.Purvakanda 3/40]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>, thus impacting sex of fetus. Relative predominance of retas (semen) and indriya (sexual power) are also responsible for sex formation. [H.S.6th Sthan.1/26-27] Dakshina-nadi (right ovary) and vama-nadi (left ovary) are considered as “seats” for the formation of male and female child respectively (YR. Yonivyapada). Per some texts, God’s will is also responsible for sex formation. [Shr.S.Purvakanda.6/12]<ref name=Shargadara>Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> Apart from this, the day of coitus (either odd or even) is responsible for female or male child respectively. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/5]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/28-30]<ref name=Susruta/>,[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/12]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/48]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira SThana 1/28]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [K.S.Sharira Sthana 5/6], [Bh.S.Sharira Sthana 5/5]; [B.P.Purvakanda.3/21]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/> It is also explained that if there is predominance of shukra but female ejaculates her ovum first, the child will be born male with feminine characters and vice-versa. [Arunadatta on A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> (12)

=== Cause of multiple pregnancies (Verse 14) ===

=== Cause of multiple pregnancies (Verse 14) ===

Multiple pregnancies happen due to division of the zygote (''orshukra-artava'') by vitiated ''vata'' - an observation noted in all Ayurvedic texts and accepted by all commentators. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana.2/37]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/6]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/6]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [K.S.Khilasthan 6/59]; [B.P.Purvakanda 3/39] Apart from this phenomenon, instability of mind of the couple during coitus is responsible for producing twins as it influences the ''doshas'' and ''dhatus'' that produce fetal parts. [H.S.6th sthana.1/38-39] And finally, there are karmic deeds of the soul of the fetus that the parents have no control over. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]2/13-14] (14)

Multiple pregnancies happen due to division of the zygote (''orshukra-artava'') by vitiated ''vata'' - an observation noted in all Ayurvedic texts and accepted by all commentators. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana.2/37]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/6]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/6]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [K.S.Khilasthan 6/59]; [B.P.Purvakanda 3/39]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/> Apart from this phenomenon, instability of mind of the couple during coitus is responsible for producing twins as it influences the ''doshas'' and ''dhatus'' that produce fetal parts. [H.S.6th sthana.1/38-39] And finally, there are karmic deeds of the soul of the fetus that the parents have no control over. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]2/13-14] (14)

=== ''Dwireta''(Hermaphroditism) ===

=== ''Dwireta''(Hermaphroditism) ===

Manifestations of ''dwireta'' could be any of these:

Manifestations of ''dwireta'' could be any of these:

*Normal morphology like nose, eyes etc. of male and female, devoid of specific sexual organs such as vagina, penis etc. but having secondary characters of both the sexes, such as breast, moustaches etc. This is caused due to the combination of male and female seeds (sperm and ovum) in equal proportion, afflicted (''upatapta'') in the genetic code responsible for producing ''beeja'' (''beeja-janaka-beejabhaga'').

*Normal morphology like nose, eyes etc. of male and female, devoid of specific sexual organs such as vagina, penis etc. but having secondary characters of both the sexes, such as breast, moustaches etc. This is caused due to the combination of male and female seeds (sperm and ovum) in equal proportion, afflicted (''upatapta'') in the genetic code responsible for producing ''beeja'' (''beeja-janaka-beejabhaga'').

*Possessing appropriate sexual organs of a male or a female, but no secondary characters. In this case, ''kala'' and ''karma'' are considered to be key factors. The sexual organs are present since the time of conception, hence they manifest, but the factors that are responsible for the development of breasts and moustaches (in females and males respectively) become weaker during puberty. The afflicted seeds dominate only secondary sex characters and do not allow them to manifest at all. These phenomena are entirely dependent on past deeds. When ''shukra'' and ''shonita'' combine in equal proportion, there is equal dominance of ''shukra'' and ''artava'' causing genetic mutation. ([Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/18], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/5]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> It is referred as ''napunsaka'' in several vedic texts. In addition to this, Harita accepted that if ''doshas'', ''bala, prakriti'' and ''vikriti'' of a couple are present in equal proportions in the offspring, then a female hermaphrodite would take birth. [H.S.6th sthana.1/37-40] However, even in such cases, God’s will is said to be responsible. [Shr.Sa.Purvakandam 6/12]

*Possessing appropriate sexual organs of a male or a female, but no secondary characters. In this case, ''kala'' and ''karma'' are considered to be key factors. The sexual organs are present since the time of conception, hence they manifest, but the factors that are responsible for the development of breasts and moustaches (in females and males respectively) become weaker during puberty. The afflicted seeds dominate only secondary sex characters and do not allow them to manifest at all. These phenomena are entirely dependent on past deeds. When ''shukra'' and ''shonita'' combine in equal proportion, there is equal dominance of ''shukra'' and ''artava'' causing genetic mutation. ([Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/18], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3/5]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 2/5]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/> It is referred as ''napunsaka'' in several vedic texts. In addition to this, Harita accepted that if ''doshas'', ''bala, prakriti'' and ''vikriti'' of a couple are present in equal proportions in the offspring, then a female hermaphrodite would take birth. [H.S.6th sthana.1/37-40] However, even in such cases, God’s will is said to be responsible. [Shr.Sa.Purvakandam 6/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>

=== Defects in conception due to non passage of ''shukra'' (Verse 19-20) ===

=== Defects in conception due to non passage of ''shukra'' (Verse 19-20) ===

=== Signs and symptoms in pregnancy indicating the sex of the child (Verse 25) ===

=== Signs and symptoms in pregnancy indicating the sex of the child (Verse 25) ===

Apart from the factors mentioned earlier, the sex of the child could also be influenced by certain traits of the mothers, such as milk secretion only from the right breast, walking with lifting right leg first, heaviness in right lateral abdomen, and ''romaraji'' (hair line) directed upwards - in all these cases, the mother will deliver a male child. If showing the opposite traits, the child would be a girl. If the abdomen is depressed on both sides and projected forward, while the woman would be showing mixed signs, the child born will be a hermaphrodite. It is also stated that if the yoni is thick in center the child will be a female, while if it is beautiful, protuberant and fatty then a male child will be born. [K.S.Sutra Sthana 28/6] Thoughts or mood of the mother during conception is also pointed by different scholars as key factors [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/31]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [B.P.Purvakanda.3/62] As already mentioned in this chapter, dreams, drinks, foods, conduct, and activities - if feminine, would result in a female child, if masculine, a male child, and if of mixed type,  then a transgender child. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/24]

Apart from the factors mentioned earlier, the sex of the child could also be influenced by certain traits of the mothers, such as milk secretion only from the right breast, walking with lifting right leg first, heaviness in right lateral abdomen, and ''romaraji'' (hair line) directed upwards - in all these cases, the mother will deliver a male child. If showing the opposite traits, the child would be a girl. If the abdomen is depressed on both sides and projected forward, while the woman would be showing mixed signs, the child born will be a hermaphrodite. It is also stated that if the yoni is thick in center the child will be a female, while if it is beautiful, protuberant and fatty then a male child will be born. [K.S.Sutra Sthana 28/6] Thoughts or mood of the mother during conception is also pointed by different scholars as key factors [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/14]; [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/46]<ref name=Susruta/>; [A.S.Sharira Sthana 1/53]<ref name=Sangraha/>; [A.H.Sharira Sthana 1/31]<ref name=Hridaya/>; [B.P.Purvakanda.3/62]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/> As already mentioned in this chapter, dreams, drinks, foods, conduct, and activities - if feminine, would result in a female child, if masculine, a male child, and if of mixed type,  then a transgender child. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/24]

Regarding the resemblance of the child, as mentioned in this chapter, certain attributes or traits of the kid could resemble the person the mother is attracted to during conception. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25] Physical resemblance depends largely on factors such as the four sets of four ''mahabhutas'' (except ''akasha''), ''matrija'' (maternal), ''pitrija'' (paternal), ''aharaja''- from the mother’s nutrition prior to conception, and ''atmaja''- past deeds. Though all these factors are equally responsible, the resemblance depends on the predominance of either of the maternal and paternal factors. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25] Factors responsible for behavioral and mental resemblances are also similar to those responsible for physical resemblance, with genetic factors (''jati'' )also counted in. (Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25],[Gangadara on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25]

Regarding the resemblance of the child, as mentioned in this chapter, certain attributes or traits of the kid could resemble the person the mother is attracted to during conception. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25] Physical resemblance depends largely on factors such as the four sets of four ''mahabhutas'' (except ''akasha''), ''matrija'' (maternal), ''pitrija'' (paternal), ''aharaja''- from the mother’s nutrition prior to conception, and ''atmaja''- past deeds. Though all these factors are equally responsible, the resemblance depends on the predominance of either of the maternal and paternal factors. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25] Factors responsible for behavioral and mental resemblances are also similar to those responsible for physical resemblance, with genetic factors (''jati'' )also counted in. (Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25],[Gangadara on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/25]

=== ''Daiva'' (Verse 44) ===

=== ''Daiva'' (Verse 44) ===

''Daiva'' is also said to be unavoidable, indestructible related to previous body and is continuing [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/31]; cause of disease in (particular) time. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana 1/116] The coordination of ''daiva'' and ''purushakara'' (deeds self done in present life) in terms of inferiority etc. and their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana 3/29-33] as well as influence to each other are well described. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 3/33-35] Self deeds are also totally responsible for the disease. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7/19-23] (44)

''Daiva'' is also said to be unavoidable, indestructible related to previous body and is continuing [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/31]; cause of disease in (particular) time. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/116] The coordination of ''daiva'' and ''purushakara'' (deeds self done in present life) in terms of inferiority etc. and their effects [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana 3/29-33] as well as influence to each other are well described. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 3/33-35] Self deeds are also totally responsible for the disease. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7/19-23] (44)

Accumulated ''doshas'' should be evacuated in the first month of spring, rainy and winter to prevent the innate disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/46-50] (45)

Accumulated ''doshas'' should be evacuated in the first month of spring, rainy and winter to prevent the innate disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/46-50] (45)