Changes

There are many parameters obtained through a spermiogram, the most frequently studied are:

There are many parameters obtained through a spermiogram, the most frequently studied are:

• '''Liquefaction''': After the ejaculation, the sperm sample is coagulated and needs to be liquefied in order to perform any tests. In normal conditions, the sperm is totally liquefied in 60 minutes after the ejaculation.

*'''Liquefaction''': After the ejaculation, the sperm sample is coagulated and needs to be liquefied in order to perform any tests. In normal conditions, the sperm is totally liquefied in 60 minutes after the ejaculation.

• '''Viscosity''': When the semen sample is highly viscous, it may be a sign of a prostatic dysfunction.

*'''Viscosity''': When the semen sample is highly viscous, it may be a sign of a prostatic dysfunction.

• '''Volume''': The normal volume of an ejaculate sample after 3 or 5 days of sexual abstinence is 1.5 ml approximately. Lower volumes might suggest hypospermia.

*'''Volume''': The normal volume of an ejaculate sample after 3 or 5 days of sexual abstinence is 1.5 ml approximately. Lower volumes might suggest hypospermia.

• '''Color''': Sperm is usually opalescent white, lightly yellow. When the color is altered, it is recommended to study possible causes.

*'''Color''': Sperm is usually opalescent white, lightly yellow. When the color is altered, it is recommended to study possible causes.

• '''pH''': Values should be greater than 7.1. Lower values might be a sign of azoospermia (lack of spermatozoa) or chronic inflammatory processes.

*'''pH''': Values should be greater than 7.1. Lower values might be a sign of azoospermia (lack of spermatozoa) or chronic inflammatory processes.

• '''Sperm concentration''': Normal values are around 15 million per ml ejaculated or 39 million per complete semen sample. When these values are lower it could indicate oligozoospermia.

*'''Sperm concentration''': Normal values are around 15 million per ml ejaculated or 39 million per complete semen sample. When these values are lower it could indicate oligozoospermia.

• '''Motility''': The percentage of motile spermatozoa and progressively motile is analyzed. The progressive motility value should be over 32%, on the contrary, it might indicate astenozoospermia.

*'''Motility''': The percentage of motile spermatozoa and progressively motile is analyzed. The progressive motility value should be over 32%, on the contrary, it might indicate astenozoospermia.

• '''Vitality''': The percentage of vital spermatozoa must be over 58%.  Lower values could indicate astenoozoospermia.

*'''Vitality''': The percentage of vital spermatozoa must be over 58%.  Lower values could indicate astenoozoospermia.

• '''Morphology''': There might be 4% or more normal spermatozoa in an usual spermiogram. Lower percentage of normal sperms and high percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms could indicate teratozoospermia.

*'''Morphology''': There might be 4% or more normal spermatozoa in an usual spermiogram. Lower percentage of normal sperms and high percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms could indicate teratozoospermia.

• '''Leukocytes''': When the leukocyte concentration is over 1 million per ml of sample it might indicate an infection (leukocytosis).

*'''Leukocytes''': When the leukocyte concentration is over 1 million per ml of sample it might indicate an infection (leukocytosis).

• '''Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test''': The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.

*'''Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test''': The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.

==Current researches ==

==Current researches ==