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In the present chapter, 48 different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are described for therapeutic purgation. The chapter concludes [[Kalpa Sthana]] (section on pharmaceutics) and precedes [[Siddhi Sthana]] (section on successful management of [[Panchakarma]]). Therefore, in this chapter, the guidelines for designing effective formulations are mentioned along with those for management of various conditions arise during administration of purification medicines.
In the present chapter, 48 different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are described for therapeutic purgation. The chapter concludes [[Kalpa Sthana]] (section on pharmaceutics) and precedes [[Siddhi Sthana]] (section on successful management of [[Panchakarma]]). Therefore, in this chapter, the guidelines for designing effective formulations are mentioned along with those for management of various conditions arise during administration of purification medicines.
== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==
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Now we shall expound the pharmaceutics of ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Dantidravanti Kalpa"(Pharmaceutical preparations of Danti and Dravanti). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Note: Danti is Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and Dravanti is Croton tiglium L.
=== Synonyms ===
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''Danti'' is also known as ''udumbaraparni, nikumbha'', and ''mukulaka''. ''Dravanti'' is also known as ''chitra, nyagrodhi'' and ''musikahvaya''. The names like ''mushkaparni, upachitra, sambari, pratyaksreni, sutasreni, danti'' and ''chanda'' are also considered for ''dravanti''.[3]
''Danti'' is also known as ''udumbaraparni, nikumbha'', and ''mukulaka''. ''Dravanti'' is also known as ''chitra, nyagrodhi'' and ''musikahvaya''. The names like ''mushkaparni, upachitra, sambari, pratyaksreni, sutasreni, danti'' and ''chanda'' are also considered for ''dravanti''.[3]
=== Method of collection ===
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These roots are smeared with the paste of ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''madhu'' (honey), wrapped with ''kusha'' ( Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf.) coated with mud and baked. Roots are separated and dried under sunlight. This process reduces the ''vikasi'' property of the drugs. [5]
These roots are smeared with the paste of ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''madhu'' (honey), wrapped with ''kusha'' ( Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf.) coated with mud and baked. Roots are separated and dried under sunlight. This process reduces the ''vikasi'' property of the drugs. [5]
=== Effects ===
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The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', and aggravates ''vata dosha''. [6]
The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', and aggravates ''vata dosha''. [6]
=== Various preparations ===
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47. & 48th formulations are prepared according to the ''lodhra yoga''. [35]
47. & 48th formulations are prepared according to the ''lodhra yoga''. [35]
=== Summary of formulations ===
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Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the ''dosha'' involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]
Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the ''dosha'' involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]
=== Number of emetic and purgative formulations ===
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355 formulation for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulation for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs. [41-42]
355 formulation for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulation for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs. [41-42]
=== Guidelines for formulating medicines ===
==== Nomenclature of formulations ====
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The nomenclature of the combination are always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations will boost, regulate and they act in accordance to the main ingredient similar to the followers of the king. [43-44]
The nomenclature of the combination are always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations will boost, regulate and they act in accordance to the main ingredient similar to the followers of the king. [43-44]
=== Addition of other ingredients ===
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Six hundred formūlation mentioned in [[Kalpa Sthana]] are practically experienced combination for the use. Such thousands or crores of combination can be planned & prepared by the wise physician with his own intellect and experience. There is no limit for framing new formulations as there exists a wide scope for multidrug combinations. [49-50]
Six hundred formūlation mentioned in [[Kalpa Sthana]] are practically experienced combination for the use. Such thousands or crores of combination can be planned & prepared by the wise physician with his own intellect and experience. There is no limit for framing new formulations as there exists a wide scope for multidrug combinations. [49-50]
=== Three types of purification drugs ===
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The characteristic features of three categories of ''dravya'' and its therapeutic elimination effects are explained.
The characteristic features of three categories of ''dravya'' and its therapeutic elimination effects are explained.
==== ''Tikshna'' (sharp acting) ====
The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid ''doshas'' completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]
The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid ''doshas'' completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]
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==== ''Madhyama'' (medium) ====
The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' and are called as ''madhyama''.
The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' and are called as ''madhyama''.
==== ''Mridu''(mild) ====
The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without ''snehana'' & ''swedana'') acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]
The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without ''snehana'' & ''swedana'') acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]
Improper employment (selection & administration) of ''shodhana'' causes dreadful effect similar to ''visha,'' where as fruitful effect if used properly. Maximum effort is made to carry out proper ''shodhana'' essentially when ever it is needed. [83-85]
Improper employment (selection & administration) of ''shodhana'' causes dreadful effect similar to ''visha,'' where as fruitful effect if used properly. Maximum effort is made to carry out proper ''shodhana'' essentially when ever it is needed. [83-85]
=== Standard and personalized dose ===
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The dose prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) & ''bala'' (strength). With reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lesser. [86]
The dose prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) & ''bala'' (strength). With reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lesser. [86]
=== Measurements ===
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==== Specific measurements ====
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Where the proportion of ''jala'' (water), ''sneha'' (fatty media) and ''aushada'' (drugs & paste) are not mentioned then four times of ''sneha'' to that of ''aushada'' (''kalkadravya'') & four times of ''jala'' to ''sneha'' are used. [101]
Where the proportion of ''jala'' (water), ''sneha'' (fatty media) and ''aushada'' (drugs & paste) are not mentioned then four times of ''sneha'' to that of ''aushada'' (''kalkadravya'') & four times of ''jala'' to ''sneha'' are used. [101]
=== Three types of ''snehapaka'' (characteristics of prepared unctuous formulation) ===
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The ''sneha paka'' (characteristic of prepared unctuous formulation) is categorized into three the ''mridupaka'' (soft/thin), ''madhyama paka'' (medium consistency) & ''khara paka'' (dense/thick consistency). If the ''kalka'' turns to ''niryasa'' (gum like) is called as ''mridupaka'', becomes round soft mass then it is ''madhyama paka'' and paste disintegrates during wicking is known as ''kharapaka''. [102-103]
The ''sneha paka'' (characteristic of prepared unctuous formulation) is categorized into three the ''mridupaka'' (soft/thin), ''madhyama paka'' (medium consistency) & ''khara paka'' (dense/thick consistency). If the ''kalka'' turns to ''niryasa'' (gum like) is called as ''mridupaka'', becomes round soft mass then it is ''madhyama paka'' and paste disintegrates during wicking is known as ''kharapaka''. [102-103]
=== Their indications ===
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''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti''). [104]
''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti''). [104]
=== Two types of measurements ===
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There are two categories of measurements 1. ''kalinga'' 2. ''magadha''. Out of these, ''magadha'' is considered as best by the experts. [105]
There are two categories of measurements 1. ''kalinga'' 2. ''magadha''. Out of these, ''magadha'' is considered as best by the experts. [105]
=== Summary of content of chapter ===
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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
Polynyms are used for the identification of the plants, to know their qualities and the therapeutic actions. C''hitropachitra, sambari, pratyakshreni, chanda'' are not available in some of the original texts. These different names of both the plants are mentioned in Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Pg.no 399, Guduchyadi varga) in the names of ''laghudanti'' and ''dravanti'' as ''dantidvaya''. The Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg. and Croton tigilium L. of Euphorbiaceae family are considered as the botanical source respectively. The seeds of the C. tiglium are also considered as ''jayapala'' in this text.( verse 3)
=== Description of Danti and Dravanti ===
Polynyms are used for the identification of the plants, to know their qualities and the therapeutic actions. Chitropachitra, sambari, pratyakshreni, chanda are not available in some of the original texts. These different names of both the plants are mentioned in Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Pg.no 399, Guduchyadi varga) in the names of ''laghudanti'' and ''dravanti'' as ''dantidvaya''. The Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg. and Croton tigilium L. of Euphorbiaceae family are considered as the botanical source respectively. The seeds of the C. tiglium are also considered as ''jayapala'' in this text.( verse 3)
The other principle of collection of ''mula'' is discussed in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] and Sushruta Samhita Sutra sthana 37th chapter. (verse 4)
The other principle of collection of ''mula'' is discussed in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] and Sushruta Samhita Sutra sthana 37th chapter. (verse 4)
One part of ''kalka'' + 2 parts of ''kashaya'' of ''danti'' and ''dravantimula'' + 2 part of ''dashamula kashaya'' are taken for the preparation of ''sneha''. (Gangadhara) The same three ''sneha'' preparations are mentioned by Vriddhavaghbhata in Ashtanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2nd chapter. (verse 9-10)
One part of ''kalka'' + 2 parts of ''kashaya'' of ''danti'' and ''dravantimula'' + 2 part of ''dashamula kashaya'' are taken for the preparation of ''sneha''. (Gangadhara) The same three ''sneha'' preparations are mentioned by Vriddhavaghbhata in Ashtanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2nd chapter. (verse 9-10)
''Shyamadi'' in verse 11-15, refers to nine purgative drugs mentioned in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], verse 6. Preparation and description of ''phanita'' is discussed in Bhavaprakasha Nigantu Iksu Varga. The same purgative preparations discussed in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2/66- 67. ''Ghrita'' or ''taila'' can be selected according to the doshas involved in the disease. (verse 11-15)
''Shyamadi'' refers to nine purgative drugs mentioned in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], verse 6. Preparation and description of ''phanita'' is discussed in Bhavaprakasha Nigantu Iksu Varga. The same purgative preparations discussed in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2/66- 67. ''Ghrita'' or ''taila'' can be selected according to the doshas involved in the disease. (verse 11-15)
The same preparation as in verse 16 is mentioned in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2/68. The ''bilwasama'' dose is only for the preparation of medicament and not to be considered as therapeutic dose. ''Asrustavishi'' is nothing but ''baddhapurisha'' (Gangadhara). ''Amla pada'' (sour recipes) are ''kanji, dadima rasa, dadhi manda, madya, sidhu, souvira, tushodaka''. (verse 16)
The same preparation as in verse 16 is mentioned in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2/68. The ''bilwasama'' dose is only for the preparation of medicament and not to be considered as therapeutic dose. ''Asrustavishi'' is nothing but ''baddhapurisha'' (Gangadhara). ''Amla pada'' (sour recipes) are ''kanji, dadima rasa, dadhi manda, madya, sidhu, souvira, tushodaka''. (verse 16)
Qualities of ideal ''haritaki'' are mentioned in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritakyadi Varga. ''Modaka'' is mentioned as ''agyasta modaka'' in other texts (Chakrapani) (verse 27-29)
Qualities of ideal ''haritaki'' are mentioned in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritakyadi Varga. ''Modaka'' is mentioned as ''agyasta modaka'' in other texts (Chakrapani) (verse 27-29)
The fermented formūlation is prepared after 1/4 th decoction is mixed with 2 ''palas'' of jaggery. (verse 30)
The fermented formulation is prepared after 1/4 th decoction is mixed with 2 ''palas'' of jaggery. (verse 30)
The method of preparation of these four yogas are mentioned in [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]. Souvira Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/7. Sura- Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/8-9. Kampillaka yoga Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/10-11. (verse 35)
The method of preparation of these four yogas are mentioned in [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]. Souvira Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/7. Sura- Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/8-9. Kampillaka yoga Charaka Samhita Kalpa. 9/10-11. (verse 35)
=== Numbers of formulations described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===
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