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Line 30: − === Introduction ===+ Line 41:
Line 41: − ===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ Line 58:
Line 58: − + − Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]+ − − ==== Queries about embryology ==== Line 76:
Line 74: − ==== Factors responsible for origin of embryo ====+ Line 95:
Line 93: − ==== Definition of ''garbha'' (embryo) ====+ Line 108:
Line 106: − ==== Composition of embryo ====+ Line 127:
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Line 195: − ==== Development in first month ====+ Line 210:
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Line 240: − ==== ''Mahabhuta''-specific features ====+ Line 276:
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Line 379: − ==== Signs of pregnancy ====+ Line 417:
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Line 662: − ==== Four types of body types ====+ Line 677:
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Line 708: − ==== Seven types of ''sattva'' dominant psychic constitution ====+ Line 784:
Line 782: − ==== Six types of ''rajas'' dominant psychic constitution ====+ Line 842:
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Line 1,023: − === Glossary === − #''Ritukala'' – Fertile period after menstruation. The best period in menstrual cycle in which chances of fertilization is maximum. − #''Garbhakarabhavas'' – Procreative factors for fetus. Factors responsible for formation and development of the fetus. − #''Mahati'' – Big, In detail − #''Garbhavakranti'' - Embryogeneis and development of fetus. The physiological process of union of sperm and ovum followed by growth and development of fetus throughout nine months. − #''Garbhini''¬- Pregnant female. After conception the female is termed as ''Garbhini''. − #''Garbhopghatkarbhava'' – Factors likely to harm the fetus. − #''Dauhridam'' – Desires of pregnant woman. A stage in pregnancy in which desires of baby are expressed through maternal cravings. − #''Dauhradini'' / ''Dauhrida'' - The term literally means lady with dual hearts one of herself and other of the baby. − #''Labdhagarbha'' – A lady who has achieved conception. − #''Vandhya'' – Female sterility. Absolute inability to conceive along with presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics. An congenital condition according to Charak − #''Varta'' - Congenital anomalies of female in which she lacks feminine characteristics. − #''Upasneha'' – Attracting moisture. Hygroscopic. A pathway for fetal nourishment. − #''Upasweda'' – Body heat. Required for cell multiplication and survival. − #''Garbhavriddhi'' – Fetal growth and development − #''Beeja'' - Ovum or sperm, Male or female gamete − #''Beejabhaga'' – Chromosomes present in gametes − #''Beejabhagavayava'' - Genes − #''Beejadosha'' - Defective ovum leading to various congenital anomalies in fetus. − #''Putipraja'' - Putrified fetus. Can be termed as Intrauterine fetal death − #''Satvika'' - One of the three psychological traits. − #''Rajasika''- One of the three psychological traits. − #''Tamasika'' - One of the three psychological traits. − #''Kukshi''¬ - Abdomen. Here with reference to the context, ''kukshi'' refers to uterus. − #''Ritumati''– The female in the best suitable period of conception i.e. after completion of menstruation till further 12 nights. − #''Raja'' – Menstruation, Menstrual blood − #''Samudaya'' - Collection, aggregation − #''Khetbhuta'' – Which looks like mucus − #''Klaibya'' – cowardice − #''Bhirtuva'' – timidy, fearfulness − #''Avaisharadhyam'' – Lack of confidence, lack of skill − #''Moha'' – ignorance, delusion, foolishness − #''Anavasthana'' – unstable, fickle minded − #''Adhogurutvam'' – heaviness in the lower part of the body − #''Asahanam'' – not tolerating − #''Mardavam'' – softness − #''Shaithilyam'' – Laxity − #''Dauhrida Vimanana'' – Refusal of desires, Denial of desires − #''Stana'' - Breast − #''Stanamandala'' – Areola − #''Stanaostha'' / ''Stanachuchuk'' – Nipples − #''Oja'' – ''Oja'' is a Sanskrit word which literally means "vigor". According to the principles of [[Ayurveda]], it is the essential energy of the body which can be equated with the "fluid of life," but its existence has not been proven in any way. − #''Prasavakala'' - Time of labor, Date of Delivery − #''Bhava Sampad'' - Excellence of factors − #''Vritta'' - Lifestyle − #''Trinaputrika'' – Congenital anomalies of male which lacks masculine characteristics. − #''Prakriti'' – Nature, constitution − #''Pathya'' – Digestible, wholesome, suitable − #''Apathya'' – Unsuitable, unwholesome − #''Asatmya'' – unwholesome − #''Bala'' – Strength, stamina − #''Avastha'' – State, condition − #''Kala'' – Season, era, time − #''Muhurmuhu'' – Again and again, repeatedly − #''Satmya'' – Constitution, habituation , wholesomeness − #''Sattva'' – Mental attitude − #''Sahaja'' – Congenital factor for disease − #''Vyayama'' – Exercise − #''Vyavaya'' – Sexual intercourse
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|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Garbha Poshana (Nourishment of fetus), Garbha Bhavas (Factors for fetal development), prakriti (basic body constitution), development of fetus, genetic and chromosomal deformities, manas prakriti (psychic traits)
|keywords=Garbha Poshana (Nourishment of fetus), Garbha Bhavas (Factors for fetal development), prakriti (basic body constitution), development of fetus, genetic and chromosomal deformities, manas prakriti (psychic traits)
|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 4. Detailed sequential growth and development of embryo in womb
|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 4. Detail description on embryonic development
}}
}}
<big>'''Sharira Sthana Chapter 4. Detailed sequential growth and development of embryo in womb '''</big>
<big>'''Sharira Sthana Chapter 4. Detail description on embryonic development '''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
}}
}}
== Introduction ==
In the previous chapter ([[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]), the six factors or ''bhavas'' which are responsible for formation of ''garbha'' are mentioned along with genetic inheritance in brief. The present chapter deals with complete concepts of Ayurvedic embryology, hence the name ''mahati''; meaning big or detailed. In the beginning Lord Atreya briefs about the contents of the chapter regarding embryo in the form of its definition, its formation and various factors responsible for its sequential development in the womb, factors responsible for growth and development, factors causing morbidity in fetus, different causes for destruction and anomalies in fetus.
In the previous chapter ([[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]), the six factors or ''bhavas'' which are responsible for formation of ''garbha'' are mentioned along with genetic inheritance in brief. The present chapter deals with complete concepts of Ayurvedic embryology, hence the name ''mahati''; meaning big or detailed. In the beginning Lord Atreya briefs about the contents of the chapter regarding embryo in the form of its definition, its formation and various factors responsible for its sequential development in the womb, factors responsible for growth and development, factors causing morbidity in fetus, different causes for destruction and anomalies in fetus.
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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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Now I shall describe the chapter about the major factors involved in embryology. [1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira" (Detail description on embryonic development). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
=== Queries on embryology ===
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Now I shall describe about the factors responsible for the origin of the embryo, its definition, composition, consecutive development in the womb, causes of growth, causes of the delayed/late birth, causes of demolition of the embryo in the womb and the causes of the morbidity without absolute demolition. [3]
Now I shall describe about the factors responsible for the origin of the embryo, its definition, composition, consecutive development in the womb, causes of growth, causes of the delayed/late birth, causes of demolition of the embryo in the womb and the causes of the morbidity without absolute demolition. [3]
=== Factors responsible for origin of embryo ===
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The embryo is formed out of the aggregation of factors coming from mother, father, the soul, wholesome regimen, ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) and the mind. The sources of the respective organs like maternal, paternal etc. have already been described in detail. [4]
The embryo is formed out of the aggregation of factors coming from mother, father, the soul, wholesome regimen, ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) and the mind. The sources of the respective organs like maternal, paternal etc. have already been described in detail. [4]
=== Definition of ''garbha'' (embryo) ===
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The unification of sperm, ovum and the soul in the womb is designated as ''garbha'' (embryo). [5]
The unification of sperm, ovum and the soul in the womb is designated as ''garbha'' (embryo). [5]
=== Composition of embryo ===
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''Garbha'' (embryo) is produced by the five ''mahabhutas'', i.e. ''akasha,vayu, agni, jala'' and ''prithvi'' and associated with the consciousness (''chetana''). It represents the combination of five ''mahabhutas'' and is also a holder of consciousness. Thus, the ''chetana'' constitutes the sixth ''dhatu'' and is responsible also for the formation of ''garbha'' (embryo).[6]
''Garbha'' (embryo) is produced by the five ''mahabhutas'', i.e. ''akasha,vayu, agni, jala'' and ''prithvi'' and associated with the consciousness (''chetana''). It represents the combination of five ''mahabhutas'' and is also a holder of consciousness. Thus, the ''chetana'' constitutes the sixth ''dhatu'' and is responsible also for the formation of ''garbha'' (embryo).[6]
=== Development of embryo in the womb ===
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First of all the ''chetana dhatu'' (consciousness) i.e. the soul endowed with mind proceeds for taking hold of qualities. This ''chetana'' (consciousness) is known as ''hetu'' (associated cause), ''karana'' (non-constituent cause), ''nimitta'' (competent cause), ''akshara'' (the everlasting one), ''karta'' (the means), ''manta'' (the thinker), ''vedita'' (the knower), ''boddha'' (the intelligent one), ''drashta'' (the prophet), ''dhata'' (the supporter), ''brahma'' (the creator), ''vishwakarma'' (the builder of the universe/fetus), ''vishvarupa'' (taking universal form), ''purusha'' (lying in the body), ''prabhava'' (the source of origin), ''avyaya'' (the immutable) ''nitya'' (the eternal) ''guni'' (the receptacle of ''mahabhutas''), ''grahana'' (receiver), ''pradhana'' (the foremost), ''avyakta'' (the unmanifested one), ''jeeva'' (the lively one), ''jna'' (the mindful one), ''pudgala'' (the ego), ''chetnavan'' (one having consciousness), ''vibhu'' (omnipresent), ''bhutatma'' (pragmatic soul), ''indriyatma'' (essence of sense organs) and ''antaratma'' (inner soul). Thus, the soul, at the time of beholding the qualities first of all, creates ''akasha'' in the same way as after complete obliteration of entire universe, the God of creation, Brahma created ''akasha'' with the support of mind followed by creation of other four elements ''vayu'' etc. which have higher degrees of materialistic qualities sequentially. In the same way, the soul, desirous of creating same events in the body, first of all, unites with the ''akasha'' and then with other four ''bhutas'' whose attributes are more and more manifested sequentially. All these actions take place in a very short time. (''anu kala'').[8]
First of all the ''chetana dhatu'' (consciousness) i.e. the soul endowed with mind proceeds for taking hold of qualities. This ''chetana'' (consciousness) is known as ''hetu'' (associated cause), ''karana'' (non-constituent cause), ''nimitta'' (competent cause), ''akshara'' (the everlasting one), ''karta'' (the means), ''manta'' (the thinker), ''vedita'' (the knower), ''boddha'' (the intelligent one), ''drashta'' (the prophet), ''dhata'' (the supporter), ''brahma'' (the creator), ''vishwakarma'' (the builder of the universe/fetus), ''vishvarupa'' (taking universal form), ''purusha'' (lying in the body), ''prabhava'' (the source of origin), ''avyaya'' (the immutable) ''nitya'' (the eternal) ''guni'' (the receptacle of ''mahabhutas''), ''grahana'' (receiver), ''pradhana'' (the foremost), ''avyakta'' (the unmanifested one), ''jeeva'' (the lively one), ''jna'' (the mindful one), ''pudgala'' (the ego), ''chetnavan'' (one having consciousness), ''vibhu'' (omnipresent), ''bhutatma'' (pragmatic soul), ''indriyatma'' (essence of sense organs) and ''antaratma'' (inner soul). Thus, the soul, at the time of beholding the qualities first of all, creates ''akasha'' in the same way as after complete obliteration of entire universe, the God of creation, Brahma created ''akasha'' with the support of mind followed by creation of other four elements ''vayu'' etc. which have higher degrees of materialistic qualities sequentially. In the same way, the soul, desirous of creating same events in the body, first of all, unites with the ''akasha'' and then with other four ''bhutas'' whose attributes are more and more manifested sequentially. All these actions take place in a very short time. (''anu kala'').[8]
=== Development in first month ===
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In the first month of gestation, the soul possessing all the qualities gets amalgamated with all the ''dhatus'' to form ''khetabhuta'' (semisolid, sticky substance) in which all the body parts are not manifested in spite of their presence in explicated or non-explicated form. [9]
In the first month of gestation, the soul possessing all the qualities gets amalgamated with all the ''dhatus'' to form ''khetabhuta'' (semisolid, sticky substance) in which all the body parts are not manifested in spite of their presence in explicated or non-explicated form. [9]
=== Features in second month ===
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During the second month of gestation, the embryo takes the form of solid mass. If it takes oval shape, then the born child would be a male, if it takes elongated shape, the female child will be born, and in the case of tumor shaped (round and elevated) mass, the hermaphrodite. [10]
During the second month of gestation, the embryo takes the form of solid mass. If it takes oval shape, then the born child would be a male, if it takes elongated shape, the female child will be born, and in the case of tumor shaped (round and elevated) mass, the hermaphrodite. [10]
=== Features in third month ===
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In third month, all the sense organs along with all the body parts are manifested simultaneously. [11]
In third month, all the sense organs along with all the body parts are manifested simultaneously. [11]
=== ''Mahabhuta''-specific features ===
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In the fetus, the parts originated from ''akasha mahabhuta'' are- sound, auditory sensation, lightness, fineness and space; the parts from ''vayu mahabhuta'' are – tangibility, sense of touch, roughness, impulsion, structuring of body tissues and maintaining of movements of the body and ''dosha''; the parts belonging to ''agni mahabhuta'' are visible form, vision, brightness, digestion and heat; those belonging to ''apa mahabhuta'' are taste, sense of taste, coldness, softness, unctuousness and moisture; those belonging to ''prithvi'' ''mahabhuta'' are odor, sensation of smell, heaviness, steadiness and material form. [12]
In the fetus, the parts originated from ''akasha mahabhuta'' are- sound, auditory sensation, lightness, fineness and space; the parts from ''vayu mahabhuta'' are – tangibility, sense of touch, roughness, impulsion, structuring of body tissues and maintaining of movements of the body and ''dosha''; the parts belonging to ''agni mahabhuta'' are visible form, vision, brightness, digestion and heat; those belonging to ''apa mahabhuta'' are taste, sense of taste, coldness, softness, unctuousness and moisture; those belonging to ''prithvi'' ''mahabhuta'' are odor, sensation of smell, heaviness, steadiness and material form. [12]
=== ''Loka purusha'' theory ===
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Therefore the individual is an embodiment of the universe. All the material and spiritual phenomena of the universe are present in the individual and vice versa. This is how the wise desires to perceive. [13]
Therefore the individual is an embodiment of the universe. All the material and spiritual phenomena of the universe are present in the individual and vice versa. This is how the wise desires to perceive. [13]
=== Gender specific features in development of fetus ===
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Due to this view people, do not want to overlook the wishes of the fetus as reflected through the desires of the pregnant mother. If these wishes are overlooked, the fetus may either be damaged or get distorted. The appropriate protection and defense of the pregnant mother is as good as the protection and defense of the fetus itself. So, the intelligent individuals concentrate upon a pregnant mother with particular care to accomplish her beloved and beneficial requirements. [15]
Due to this view people, do not want to overlook the wishes of the fetus as reflected through the desires of the pregnant mother. If these wishes are overlooked, the fetus may either be damaged or get distorted. The appropriate protection and defense of the pregnant mother is as good as the protection and defense of the fetus itself. So, the intelligent individuals concentrate upon a pregnant mother with particular care to accomplish her beloved and beneficial requirements. [15]
=== Signs of pregnancy ===
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As the wishes of the fetus are expressed through the mother, all wishes of mother should be fulfilled. What-so-ever she desires during this period should be provided except the substances likely to injure the fetus. [17]
As the wishes of the fetus are expressed through the mother, all wishes of mother should be fulfilled. What-so-ever she desires during this period should be provided except the substances likely to injure the fetus. [17]
=== Harmful factors in pregnancy ===
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If the desire of the mother to use the substances likely to cause harm to the fetus is very acute, then even these substances can be given by addition of beneficial substances having capability to counteract the harmful effects. By the suppression of the desires, the ''vata'' gets vitiated, moves in the body of fetus produces different diseases, morphological abnormalities (dysmorphism) or even death. [19]
If the desire of the mother to use the substances likely to cause harm to the fetus is very acute, then even these substances can be given by addition of beneficial substances having capability to counteract the harmful effects. By the suppression of the desires, the ''vata'' gets vitiated, moves in the body of fetus produces different diseases, morphological abnormalities (dysmorphism) or even death. [19]
=== Features in fourth month ===
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During fourth month of gestation, the fetus attains stability due to which, the pregnant woman feels more heaviness in her body.[20]
During fourth month of gestation, the fetus attains stability due to which, the pregnant woman feels more heaviness in her body.[20]
=== Features in fifth month ===
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Due to increased anabolism of muscle tissue and blood of the fetus during the fifth month of gestation, the pregnant woman becomes emaciated. [21]
Due to increased anabolism of muscle tissue and blood of the fetus during the fifth month of gestation, the pregnant woman becomes emaciated. [21]
=== Features in sixth month ===
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During sixth month, fetus derives more strength and complexion, therefore the pregnant woman loses her strength and complexion significantly. [22]
During sixth month, fetus derives more strength and complexion, therefore the pregnant woman loses her strength and complexion significantly. [22]
=== Features in seventh month ===
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As during the seventh month of gestation the fetus attains over-all fulfillment of all elements. Therefore, a pregnant woman becomes excessively exhausted. [23]
As during the seventh month of gestation the fetus attains over-all fulfillment of all elements. Therefore, a pregnant woman becomes excessively exhausted. [23]
=== Features in eighth month ===
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During the eighth month of gestation due to immaturity of the fetus, the ''ojas'' moves from the mother to fetus and from fetus to mother through the channels carrying ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid). As a result, at that time, the pregnant woman frequently becomes happy or dull (exhausted) parallel is the condition of the fetus. It is because of the instability of the ''ojas'', the delivery of the fetus during this month is prone to danger. In view of this, experts do not consider this month fit for labor. [24]
During the eighth month of gestation due to immaturity of the fetus, the ''ojas'' moves from the mother to fetus and from fetus to mother through the channels carrying ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid). As a result, at that time, the pregnant woman frequently becomes happy or dull (exhausted) parallel is the condition of the fetus. It is because of the instability of the ''ojas'', the delivery of the fetus during this month is prone to danger. In view of this, experts do not consider this month fit for labor. [24]
=== Time of delivery ===
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Due to the abnormality in the mother (ovum), father (sperm) etc. factors accountable for the creation of the fetus leads no birth of the child. [28]
Due to the abnormality in the mother (ovum), father (sperm) etc. factors accountable for the creation of the fetus leads no birth of the child. [28]
=== Causes of premature delivery and ante-natal death ===
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The fetus gets destroyed in the womb of the mother or there is premature delivery if factors opposing to those described for its growth, are present. [29]
The fetus gets destroyed in the womb of the mother or there is premature delivery if factors opposing to those described for its growth, are present. [29]
=== Causes of congenital abnormalities ===
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The soul is devoid of disorders and beholds supreme position. The soul in different living beings is not different (it is same or part of the same consciousness). The difference in its presence/existence is felt only due to diverse features of the body and mind of different living beings. [33]
The soul is devoid of disorders and beholds supreme position. The soul in different living beings is not different (it is same or part of the same consciousness). The difference in its presence/existence is felt only due to diverse features of the body and mind of different living beings. [33]
=== Causes of psychic and somatic abnormalities ===
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There are three bodily ''doshas'' i.e. ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''- they vitiate the body. Again, there are two ''doshas'' of mind i. e. ''rajas'' and ''tamas''- they vitiate the mind. Vitiation of the body and the mind causes the expression of diseases and no disease is caused without vitiation of ''doshas''.
There are three bodily ''doshas'' i.e. ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''- they vitiate the body. Again, there are two ''doshas'' of mind i. e. ''rajas'' and ''tamas''- they vitiate the mind. Vitiation of the body and the mind causes the expression of diseases and no disease is caused without vitiation of ''doshas''.
=== Four types of body types ===
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Based upon the ''yoni'' (origin), the body of living beings is of four types, which has been mentioned earlier. [35]
Based upon the ''yoni'' (origin), the body of living beings is of four types, which has been mentioned earlier. [35]
=== Three types of psyche ===
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The mind is of three types – pure ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika''. The pure ''sattvika'' one is free from causing abnormalities as it is gifted with auspiciousness; whereas the ''rajasika'' type is impure because it promotes furious temperament. In the same way, the ''tamasika'' one is similarly impure because of bewilderment. Each of these three types of mind can be sub-divided into innumerable forms owing to comparative proportions and type of body and origin of the body it resides into. The body influences the mind and vice versa. Therefore, some of the varieties of mind have been described briefly depicting their resemblance with recognized symbols. [36]
The mind is of three types – pure ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika''. The pure ''sattvika'' one is free from causing abnormalities as it is gifted with auspiciousness; whereas the ''rajasika'' type is impure because it promotes furious temperament. In the same way, the ''tamasika'' one is similarly impure because of bewilderment. Each of these three types of mind can be sub-divided into innumerable forms owing to comparative proportions and type of body and origin of the body it resides into. The body influences the mind and vice versa. Therefore, some of the varieties of mind have been described briefly depicting their resemblance with recognized symbols. [36]
=== Seven types of ''sattva'' dominant psychic constitution ===
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As a result, the pure mind has been divided in to seven types because of advantageous character. Brahma is considered as purest due to predominance of pure mind. [37]
As a result, the pure mind has been divided in to seven types because of advantageous character. Brahma is considered as purest due to predominance of pure mind. [37]
=== Six types of ''rajas'' dominant psychic constitution ===
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In this way, six types of ''rajas sattva'' are described, all of them having agitation quality in common. [38]
In this way, six types of ''rajas sattva'' are described, all of them having agitation quality in common. [38]
=== Three types of ''tamas'' dominant psychic constitution ===
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#'''''Vanaspataya''''' (sharing the traits of vegetable life) Sluggishness, indulgence in food, and deficiency of all the intellectual faculties. [39]
#'''''Vanaspataya''''' (sharing the traits of vegetable life) Sluggishness, indulgence in food, and deficiency of all the intellectual faculties. [39]
=== Innumerable types of mind based on combinations ===
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In this way, the entire description of descent into embryo is explained in keeping with the purpose with which the chapter was initiated i.e. to provide knowledge regarding the formation of embryo. By obtaining this knowledge one can help to way out to the factors which are responsible for the proper growth of the fetus and avoiding the factors which come in the way of its proper development. [41]
In this way, the entire description of descent into embryo is explained in keeping with the purpose with which the chapter was initiated i.e. to provide knowledge regarding the formation of embryo. By obtaining this knowledge one can help to way out to the factors which are responsible for the proper growth of the fetus and avoiding the factors which come in the way of its proper development. [41]
=== Summary ===
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Thus, ends the fourth chapter on “The chapter on the major information of the embryo as conducive to the understanding of the body.” of [[Sharira Sthana]] in the treatise by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak. [4]
Thus, ends the fourth chapter on “The chapter on the major information of the embryo as conducive to the understanding of the body.” of [[Sharira Sthana]] in the treatise by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak. [4]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*The aggregation of factors coming from mother, father, the soul, wholesome regimen, ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) and the mind is important for conception and development of embryo. Any irregularity or deformity in any of these factors will adversely affect the same.
*The aggregation of factors coming from mother, father, the soul, wholesome regimen, ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) and the mind is important for conception and development of embryo. Any irregularity or deformity in any of these factors will adversely affect the same.
*The factors which are responsible for the prevention of conception, damaging the fetus and teratological abnormalities are three inauspicious factors responsible for ''garbhavighataka'' or destructors of fetus.
*The factors which are responsible for the prevention of conception, damaging the fetus and teratological abnormalities are three inauspicious factors responsible for ''garbhavighataka'' or destructors of fetus.
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
Following points are important in present context:
Following points are important in present context:
#Genetic and chromosomal relevance of statements on ''bijabhaga'', ''bijabhagavaya'' etc.
#Genetic and chromosomal relevance of statements on ''bijabhaga'', ''bijabhagavaya'' etc.
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