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=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

Diet plays a vital role in maintenance of good health and in the prevention and cure of the disease. It is also important to be aware that healthy and wholesome diet, plays crucial role in the growth and development of the body, varies from person to person. Food that someone is accustomed to or is suitable for (''satmya'') may be unwholesome (''asatmya'') to another. Thus one should observe the dietetic rules to plan one’s dietary regimen to ensure proper digestion and assimilation of food, resulting in better health.

Diet plays a vital role in maintenance of good health and in the prevention and cure of the disease. It is also important to be aware that healthy and wholesome diet, plays crucial role in the growth and development of the body, varies from person to person. Food that someone is accustomed to or is suitable for (''satmya'') may be unwholesome (''asatmya'') to another. Thus one should observe the dietetic rules to plan one’s dietary regimen to ensure proper digestion and assimilation of food, resulting in better health.

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===Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation===               

==Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation==               

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We shall now describe the chapter on the “Trichotomic Division of the Capacity of the Stomach”. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Trividhakukshiya Vimana"(Three parts of abdomen and principles of diet). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

==== Three divisions of stomach ====

=== Three divisions of stomach ===

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However, the focus of this chapter is only to analyze the effect of the quantum of food (''rashi'') ingested, with the objective of determining appropriate and inappropriate quantities. This is the only consideration to decide how much is the proper and improper amount of food. [5]

However, the focus of this chapter is only to analyze the effect of the quantum of food (''rashi'') ingested, with the objective of determining appropriate and inappropriate quantities. This is the only consideration to decide how much is the proper and improper amount of food. [5]

==== Signs after consuming proper amount of food ====

=== Signs after consuming proper amount of food ===

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Whether the amount of food to be consumed is appropriate or not is determined on the basis of the capacity of the stomach and its division into three parts, as mentioned earlier. This will again be described here in detail. Any quantity of food to be consumed can be considered appropriate if it does not exert undue pressure on the abdomen, does not cause obstruction in the proper functioning of the heart, does not exert any pressure on the sides of the chest, does not leave a feeling of excessive heaviness in the abdomen, properly nourishes(satisfies) the sense organs, subsides hunger and thirst, after consuming which the person is able to perform activities such as standing, sitting, walking, exhaling, inhaling, laughing, and talking with ease, and is easy to digest when taken in the morning and evening hours. Food consumed in the appropriate quantity enhances strength, complexion, and nourishment of tissues. [6]

Whether the amount of food to be consumed is appropriate or not is determined on the basis of the capacity of the stomach and its division into three parts, as mentioned earlier. This will again be described here in detail. Any quantity of food to be consumed can be considered appropriate if it does not exert undue pressure on the abdomen, does not cause obstruction in the proper functioning of the heart, does not exert any pressure on the sides of the chest, does not leave a feeling of excessive heaviness in the abdomen, properly nourishes(satisfies) the sense organs, subsides hunger and thirst, after consuming which the person is able to perform activities such as standing, sitting, walking, exhaling, inhaling, laughing, and talking with ease, and is easy to digest when taken in the morning and evening hours. Food consumed in the appropriate quantity enhances strength, complexion, and nourishment of tissues. [6]

==== Signs after consuming improper amount of food ====

=== Signs after consuming improper amount of food ===

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*''Kapha'' causes vomiting, anorexia, indigestion, fever with cold, laziness and heaviness in the body .[7]

*''Kapha'' causes vomiting, anorexia, indigestion, fever with cold, laziness and heaviness in the body .[7]

==== Other causative factors for ama formation ====

=== Other causative factors for ama formation ===

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Thus it can be said that any wholesome food, even if taken in the right amount, does not get digested if the mental state of the person is riddled with anxiety, grief, fear, anger, or restless and irritable due to lack of sleep.[9]

Thus it can be said that any wholesome food, even if taken in the right amount, does not get digested if the mental state of the person is riddled with anxiety, grief, fear, anger, or restless and irritable due to lack of sleep.[9]

====Two types of ''ama'' disorders ====

===Two types of ''ama'' disorders ===

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Physicians describe two types of diseases caused by ''ama dosha'' –''visuchika'' (cholera) and ''alasaka'' (sluggish bowels). [10]

Physicians describe two types of diseases caused by ''ama dosha'' –''visuchika'' (cholera) and ''alasaka'' (sluggish bowels). [10]

===== ''Visuchika''(cholera) =====

==== ''Visuchika''(cholera) ====

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The expulsion of ''ama dosha'' (undigested food) through both upper and lower passages of the gastrointestinal tract with the features already described above is ''visuchika'' (cholera).[11]

The expulsion of ''ama dosha'' (undigested food) through both upper and lower passages of the gastrointestinal tract with the features already described above is ''visuchika'' (cholera).[11]

===== ''Alasaka''(sluggish bowel) =====

==== ''Alasaka''(sluggish bowel) ====

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The extremely vitiated ''doshas'' move towards oblique passages as the other passages are blocked by aggravated ''ama''. This will sometimes cause the body to become rigid, like a wooden rod/staff. This incurable clinical condition is known as ''dandaalasaka''. The ''ama dosha'' of an individual who regularly consumes incompatible diet, multiple heavy meals (in short intervals) and eats even before the previous meal is digested is called ''ama visha'' (clinical state of indigestion characterized by manifestation of toxic symptoms) because of resemblance of manifested symptoms to that of poisoning. It is considered incurable because of its acute presentation and also because of its contradictory line of management .[12]

The extremely vitiated ''doshas'' move towards oblique passages as the other passages are blocked by aggravated ''ama''. This will sometimes cause the body to become rigid, like a wooden rod/staff. This incurable clinical condition is known as ''dandaalasaka''. The ''ama dosha'' of an individual who regularly consumes incompatible diet, multiple heavy meals (in short intervals) and eats even before the previous meal is digested is called ''ama visha'' (clinical state of indigestion characterized by manifestation of toxic symptoms) because of resemblance of manifested symptoms to that of poisoning. It is considered incurable because of its acute presentation and also because of its contradictory line of management .[12]

==== Management of ''ama'' disorders ====

=== Management of ''ama'' disorders ===

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The person should promote his wellbeing himself by properly examining the eight factors of dieting which determine the wholesomeness of the food. In addition, other measures which are conducive to health and wellbeing (that are described elsewhere) should also be adopted (per the recommendations of [[Ayurveda]] practitioners). [14]

The person should promote his wellbeing himself by properly examining the eight factors of dieting which determine the wholesomeness of the food. In addition, other measures which are conducive to health and wellbeing (that are described elsewhere) should also be adopted (per the recommendations of [[Ayurveda]] practitioners). [14]

==== Description of ''Amashaya''(stomach) ====

=== Description of ''Amashaya''(stomach) ===

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All the food articles are fully digested after reaching the ''amashaya''. Once the digestion is complete, the digested essence of food reaches all the organs of the body by means of the vessels. [18]

All the food articles are fully digested after reaching the ''amashaya''. Once the digestion is complete, the digested essence of food reaches all the organs of the body by means of the vessels. [18]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Thus ends the second chapter on characteristics of three divisions of the capacity of the stomach, of the Vimana Section of Agnivesha’s treatise, redacted by Charak. ||2||

Thus ends the second chapter on characteristics of three divisions of the capacity of the stomach, of the Vimana Section of Agnivesha’s treatise, redacted by Charak. ||2||

=== ''Tattva  Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva  Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

* Diet plays an important role in the maintenance of good health and in the prevention and cure of the disease; the proper balanced food is the most important factor in the promotion of positive health.

* Diet plays an important role in the maintenance of good health and in the prevention and cure of the disease; the proper balanced food is the most important factor in the promotion of positive health.