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Line 1: − ''Mamsa'' literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes similar to muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>+ Line 23:
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Line 41: − + − + Line 51:
Line 51: − + − + − + − + − The ''mamsa dhatu'' is formed from [[rakta dhatu]]. The nourishing portion of [[rakta dhatu]] and constituents of ''ahara rasa'' are transformed into ''mamsa dhatu'' by action of ''mamsa dhatvagni'' (metabolic factors of mamsa),[[ vayu]], [[jala]] and [[tejas mahabhuta]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] − It gets solid fleshy bulk due to [[prithvi mahabhuta]]. During embryogenesis, [[asthi]] and [[mamsa dhatu]] of embryo are developed from [[shukra]]. This ''mamsa dhatu'' is differentiated later into ''snayu'' (ligaments) during fetal development. [ Kas. Sam. Sharira Sthana 2/2]+ − The formation of ''mamsa dhatu'' is enhanced by anabolism in the fifth month of gestation.[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/21]+ − '''Formation of layer during embryogenesis:''' + − + + + + − + + + + + + + + + − '''Upadhatu and mala (metabolic byproducts and waste products):+ − ''' − During the process of metabolism and formation of ''mamsa dhatu'', ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and six layers of ''tvacha'' (skin)are formed as the ''upadhatu''(metabolic byproducts). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] − Sharangadhara considered ''vasa'' as the ''upadhatu'' of ''mamsa dhatu''.[Sharangadhara Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]+ + + − Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of ''mamsa dhatu''. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]+ − '''Quantity of mamsa dhatu:'''The quantity of ''vasa'' (unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat) is three ''anjali''. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]. The structural component of ''mamsa dhatu'' is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 ''snayu'' (ligaments) and 400 ''peshi'' (muscles). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] Sushruta added 100 more ''peshi'' and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sha.5/37-39]+ − '''Time span:''' + − The ''mamsa dhatu'' is formed on 3rd day from ''ahara rasa.'' [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the ''mamsa dhatu'' is formed in a time span of 6030 ''kala'' (ten days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14] − '''Characteristics of mamsa sara (best quality of muscular tissue): + − ''' − The persons having essence of ''mamsa'' have their temples (''shankha''), forehead (''lalata''), nape (''krikatika''), eyes (''akshi''), cheek (''ganda''), jaws (''hanu''), neck (''griva''), shoulder (''skandha''), abdomen (''udara''), axillae (''kaksha''), chest (''vaksha''), hands (''pani''), feet (''pada'')and joints (''sandhi'') well developed with firm, heavy and good looking muscles. This essence indicates forbearance, restraint, and lack of greed, wealth, knowledge, happiness, simplicity, health, strength and longevity.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/105] − + − The ''mamsa dhatu'' is present in various forms as below: − ''Palala'' (muscular sheath or coat): It is present in the form of covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart − '''Mamsavaha srotas :'''+ − The ''mamsavaha srotasa'' (nutrient transport system for mamsa) has its roots in ''snayu'' (ligaments) and ''twak'' (skin). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8] − + − There are various other anatomical structures related to ''mamsa dhatu''. These can be included in the system of ''mamsavaha srotasa''.The structures are as described below: − '''Mamsadhara kala:'''+ − ''Kala'' is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. + − ''Mamsadhara kala'' is the first covering with a network of ''sira'' (veins), ''snayu'' (ligaments), ''dhamani''(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] + − '''Mamsa peshi (muscles):''' + + + + + + + + + − The well differentiated compact form of ''mamsa''(flesh) is called as ''peshi''(muscles). It is created by division of ''mamsa'' by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sam. Sharir Stahna 4/28] + − + − The ''mamsa'', ''sira'' and ''snayu'' are attached to bones to form anatomical structure. [Su.Sa.Sha.5/23] + − This is useful for nutritional status assessment by Anthropometry.+ − '''Mamsa jala(network):''' There are four types of ''jala''(network-like structures) in body. ''Mamsa jala''(muscle network) is the first one among them, the others being that of ''sira''(veins),''snayu''(ligaments) and ''asthi''(bones). There are four such networks formed from each of these types. They are present in wrist and ankle joints and interlinked together.[Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 5/12].+ − '''Mamsa rajju(cords):''' There are four major cord-like structures attached to the vertebral column. The muscles are weaved and attached to these cords. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 5/14].+ − '''Kandara (tendons):''' The large ligaments are termed as ''‘kandara’.'' There are 16 ''kandara'' in body. [Su.Sa. Sha.5/11]+ − '''Mamsa marma :''' There are eleven ''mamsa marma''(vital spots formed from muscle).These are four ''talahridaya'' (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four ''indrabasti''(vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), ''guda'' (vital point in anus), and two ''stanarohita''(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these ''marma'' are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 6/7].+ − '''Functions of mamsa dhatu:'''+ − ''Lepana''(covering) is the main function of ''mamsa dhatu''. Providing strength to the body and nourishment of ''meda dhatu'' are additional functions. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/5]. ''Mamsa dhatu'' provides support for various movements and protection to the inner organs too. + − ''Mamsa dhatu'' is also inevitably involved in sustaining the strength of the body (''bala'') due to which there is inculcation of potential to perform physical activities. + − Normalcy of ''mamsa dhatu'' is assessed by examination of different muscle actions such as – ''akunchana'' (flexion), ''prasarana'' (extension), ''utkshepana'' (elevation), ''apakshepana'' (depression) and ''chakra gati'' (circumduction). ''Vyana vata'' is responsible for carrying out this function. [Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/9]+ − ''Mamsa dhatu'' is known for his pure quality of ''sthira guna'' which is manifested by a sort of tension or tautness in a group of muscles and this is seen as – Muscle tone. Any deviation in this may be elicited as – Hypotonia or Hypertonia.+ − ==Importance in diagnosis==+ − Mamsa is one among the ''dashapranayatana''(ten vital seats). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9]. ''Mamsa dhatu'' is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual. + − + + + + + − Excessive consumption ''abhishyandi''(increasing secretions and causing obstruction), bulky, heavy to digest food and day time sleep are causative factor for vitiation of ''mamsavaha srotasa.'' [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/15] − '''Action of different ''rasa''(tastes) on ''mamsadhatu'''[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 186:
Line 213: − + − + − '''Clinical features of vitiation of ''mamsavaha srotas'':''' + − + − + − + − '''Role of ''mamsa dhatu'' as vitiated factor in diseases:'''+ − ''Mamsa dhatu'' is involved as the ''dushya''(vitiated tissue) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below: + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − '''Prognosis:'''+ − + − + Line 247:
Line 274: − ''Samhanana'' (proper musculature) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116] + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 272:
Line 299: − '''Surgical Management:'''+ − + − + − + − '''Dietary management:'''+ − ''Mamsa dhatu'' is increased predominantly with the consumption of meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]+ − '''Lifestyle management:'''+ − '''Vyayama'' (specific physical exercise):''' + − ''Vyayama'' is intended towards bringing stability (in body) and an increase in strength. It can decrease the morbidities and improve the functions of [[''agni.'']] [Cha.Sa,Sutra Sthana 7/31]. Current researches recognized exercise as a primary strategy to control hyperglycaemic disorders, also it induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise are widely dependent on the intensity and volume.<ref>Ana E Von Ah Morano et al, The Role of Glucose Homeostasis on Immune Function in Response to Exercise: The Impact of Low or Higher Energetic Conditions, Journal of Cellular Physiology ; Vol 235, No 4, Apr 2020 ; PP: 3169-3188</ref>+ Line 309:
Line 336: − + − '''Composition of muscles:'''+ Line 317:
Line 344: − + − '''Stem cells:'''+ Line 327:
Line 354: − + − '''Embryonic development of muscles:'''+ Line 335:
Line 362: − '''Myogenesis in a nutshell:'''+ Line 349:
Line 376: − '''Functions:''' + − '''Diagnostic investigation methods:'''+ − '''A. Radiological investigation''' + − '''1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)''' + − '''Purpose –'''+ Line 369:
Line 396: − '''2. Muscle ultrasound''' + − '''Purpose –'''+ − '''B. Culture tests + − + − '''C. Electro-diagnostic techniques''' + − '''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''+ − '''Purpose –''' + − '''2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''+ − '''Purpose –'''+ Line 396:
Line 423: − '''D. Hematological & Serological investigation'''+ Line 406:
Line 433: − '''E. Genetics'''+ − '''1. Exome sequencing''' + − '''Purpose –'''+ − '''Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:'''+
no edit summary
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes similar to muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body.
As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body.
==Etymology and derivation ==
==Etymology and derivation ==
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “मांस”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
==Synonyms ==
==Synonyms ==
'''Medaskrut''' : Involved in origin and development of next [[dhatu]] – [[Medas]]
'''Medaskrut''' : Involved in origin and development of next [[dhatu]] – [[Medas]]
== Meanings in different contexts==
== Meanings in different contexts ==
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named ‘''mamsa varga''’ (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named "mamsa varga" (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
== Panchabhautika constitution and properties ==
== Panchabhautika constitution and properties ==
[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mama".[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] Aftre formation, ''Mamsa'' have predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru ), rough (khara),hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
The biological properties of ''mamsa dhatu'' include moderately cold (''na ati sheeta''), heavy to digest (''na ati guru''), and moderately unctuous (''na ati snigdha''). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
The physiological properties of flesh after digestion include it is moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
==Formation and metabolism of mamsa dhatu==
== Metabolism and Development ==
The mamsa dhatu is formed from its predecessor blood ([[rakta dhatu]]). The nourishing portion of blood ([[rakta dhatu]]) and constituents of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa) are transformed into mamsa dhatu by action of factors responsible for its metabolism (mamsa dhatvagni),[[ vayu]], [[jala]] and [[tejas mahabhuta]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29]
It gets solid fleshy bulk due to [[prithvi mahabhuta]]. During embryogenesis, bone component ([[asthi dhatu]]) and muscle component (mamsa dhatu) are developed from reproductive tissue ([[shukra]]). This muscle component is differentiated later into ligaments (snayu) during fetal development. [ Ka. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/2]
The development of mamsa dhatu is enhanced by anabolism in the fifth month of gestation.[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/21]
Seven layers of skin are formed during embryogenesis. ''Mamsadhara'' is the seventh and innermost layer. It is estimated to have thickness of 1 to 3 mm or two ''vrihi''(grains of paddy). [One vrihi = 0.5 to 1.5 mm]
=== Formation of skin during embryogenesis ===
Seven layers of skin are formed during embryogenesis. The layer holding mamsa dhatu (Mamsadhara) is the seventh and innermost layer. It is estimated to have thickness of 1 to 3 mm or two vrihi(grains of paddy). [One vrihi = 0.5 to 1.5 mm]
This layer can be observed as a deeper reticular layer of dermis.<ref>Kuldeep KumarA Critical Study Of Tvak In The View Of Modern Science Ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 available from http://ayurpub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/844-849.pdf</ref>
This layer can be observed as a deeper reticular layer of dermis.<ref>Kuldeep KumarA Critical Study Of Tvak In The View Of Modern Science Ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 available from http://ayurpub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/844-849.pdf</ref>
This layer is affected in diseases like ''bhagandara''(fistula), ''vidradhi''(abscess) and ''arsha''(hemorrhoids). [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 4/8]
This layer is affected in diseases like bhagandara(fistula), vidradhi(abscess) and arsha(hemorrhoids). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/8]
=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===
During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vase) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]
=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===
The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]. The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 peshi (muscles). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
=== Time span ===
The mamsa dhatu is formed on 3rd day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the mamsa dhatu is formed in a time span of 6030 kala (ten days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]
== Characteristics of best quality or essence (mamsa Sara): ==
The persons having essence of mamsa dhatu have their temples (shankha), forehead (lalata), nape (krikatika), eyes (akshi), cheek (ganda), jaws (hanu), neck (griva), shoulder (skandha), abdomen (udara), axillae (kaksha), chest (vaksha), hands (pani), feet (pada)and joints (sandhi) well developed with firm, heavy and good looking muscles. This essence indicates forbearance, restraint, and lack of greed, wealth, knowledge, happiness, simplicity, health, strength and longevity.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/105]
== Anatomical and physiological structures ==
The mamsa dhatu is present in various forms as below:
==Existence of ''Mamsa dhatu'' in body: ==
=== Channels for transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (Mamsavaha srotas) ===
This has its roots in ligaments (snayu) and skin (twak). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8]
In addition, the ''raktavahi dhamani'' (major arterial trunks) also serve the purpose of transport. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12].
In addition, the major arterial trunks (raktavahi dhamani) also serve the purpose of transport. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]
There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:
=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala):
[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===
The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sa. Sharira Stahna 4/28]
There are 500 muscles in males and 520 peshi in female body.These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]
Assessment of bulk of muscles is useful for nutritional status assessment by Anthropometry.
=== Anatomical network (Mamsa jala) ===
There are 500 ''peshi'' in males and 520 ''peshi'' in female body.These ''peshi'' cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sha.5/37-39]
There are four types of network-like structures (jala) in body. Muscle network (mamsa jala) is the first one among them, the others being that of veins (sira) , ligaments (snayu) and bones (asthi). There are four such networks formed from each of these types. They are present in wrist and ankle joints and interlinked together.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/12].
=== Cords (Mamsa rajju) ===
There are four major cord-like structures attached to the vertebral column. The muscles are weaved and attached to these cords. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/14].
=== Tendons (Kandara) ===
The large ligaments are termed as ‘kandara’. There are 16 kandara in body. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/11]
=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===
There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 6/7]
== Functions ==
Covering and protection (Lepana) is the main function of mamsa dhatu. Providing strength to the body and nourishment to its successor adipose tissue (meda dhatu) are additional functions. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]. It provides support for various movements and protection to the inner organs too.
Mamsa dhatu is also inevitably involved in sustaining the strength of the body (bala) due to which there is inculcation of potential to perform physical activities.
== Assessment ==
Normal functions of mamsa dhatu are assessed by examination of different muscle actions such as – akunchana (flexion), prasarana (extension), utkshepana (lifting up), apakshepana (throwing down) and chakra gati (circumduction). Vyana vata is responsible for carrying out this function. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/9]
Mamsa dhatu is known for its pure quality of stability (sthirata). which is manifested by a sort of tension or tautness in a group of muscles and this is seen as – Muscle tone. Any deviation in this may be elicited as – Hypotonia or Hypertonia.
The proportion of mamsa dhatu can easily be assessed by observation of muscle mass. The qualitative assessment can be done based on the physical properties mentioned above.
Any vitiation or direct injury to the roots of ''mamsavaha strotas'' can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]
== Importance in diagnosis ==
Mamsa is one among the ten vital seats (dashapranayatana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9]. Thus it is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual.
Any vitiation or direct injury to the channels of transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha strotas) can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]
===Causes of vitiation===
===Causes of vitiation===
The following are causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha srotasa). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/15]
==== Dietary causes ====
* Excessive consumption of food that increases secretions and causes obstruction (abhishyandi), bulkiness, heaviness after digestion
==== Lifestyle causes ====
* Day time sleep
==== Action of different rasa(tastes) on mamsadhatu ====
The tastes show physiological and pathogenic actions on mamsa dhatu as below. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
|-
|-
|Madhura (sweet) || Promotes growth (''mamsa vardhana'')
|Madhura (sweet) || Promotes growth (mamsa vardhana)
|-
|-
|Amla (sour)-excess use || Causes inflammation (''mamsam vidahati'')
|Amla (sour)-excess use || Causes inflammation (mamsam vidahati)
|-
|-
|Lavana (salty)-excess use || Causes sloughing (''mamsam kushnati'')
|Lavana (salty)-excess use || Causes sloughing (mamsam kushnati)
|-
|-
|Katu (pungent)-excess use || Scraping (''mamsam vilikhati''), reduces bulk of ''mamsa''
|Katu (pungent)-excess use || Scraping (mamsam vilikhati), reduces bulk of mamsa
|-
|-
|Tikta (bitter)-excess use || Absorbsmoisture (''mamsam shoshayati''), reduces elasticity of ''mamsa''
|Tikta (bitter)-excess use || Absorbsmoisture (mamsam shoshayati), reduces elasticity of mamsa
|}
|}
===Abnormal states===
=== Abnormal states ===
The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of mamsa dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by following clinical features.
The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of mamsa dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by following clinical features.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Symptoms of ''mamsa kshaya''(decrease of mamsa dhatu)* !!Symptoms of ''mamsa vriddhi'' (increase in mamsa dhatu)**
! Symptoms of mamsa kshaya(decrease of mamsa dhatu)* !!Symptoms of mamsa vriddhi (increase in mamsa dhatu)**
|-
|-
|Decrease in circumference and skin fold thickness of hips, neck and belly due to loss of bulk of muscles || Increase in circumference and skin fold thickness of buttocks, cheeks, lips, penis, thighs, arms and calves
|Decrease in circumference and skin fold thickness of hips, neck and belly due to loss of bulk of muscles || Increase in circumference and skin fold thickness of buttocks, cheeks, lips, penis, thighs, arms and calves
* **[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]
* **[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]
• ''Mamsa kshaya'' (diminution of muscle tissue) is generally considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 32/5],[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25].
• Mamsa kshaya (diminution of muscle tissue) is generally considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 32/5],[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25].
• ''Mamsa vruddhi'' can be easily classified into two classes as – Hypertrophy & Heaviness. Hypertrophy can also be understood in terms of – ''arbuda'' (tumorous growth or myoma); ''granthi'' (nodular growth) – Lump, Cyst, Polypous growth; and ''adhimamsa'' (excess fleshy growth layer by layer)
• Mamsa vruddhi can be easily classified into two classes as – Hypertrophy & Heaviness. Hypertrophy can also be understood in terms of – arbuda (tumorous growth or myoma); granthi (nodular growth) – Lump, Cyst, Polypous growth; and adhimamsa (excess fleshy growth layer by layer)
Clinical features of vitiation of mamsavaha srotas:
• ''Adhimamsa'' (granuloma or polyps), ''arbuda'' (tumorous growth or myoma), ''kila'' (piles, skin tags, warts), ''galashaluka'' (uvulitis), ''galashundika'' (tonsillitis), ''putimamsa'' (gangrene), ''alaji'' (boils), ''ganda'' (goiter), ''gandamala'' (cervical lymphadenitis), and ''upajihvika'' (inflammation of epiglottis).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/13-15]
• Adhimamsa (granuloma or polyps), arbuda (tumorous growth or myoma), kila (piles, skin tags, warts), galashaluka (uvulitis), galashundika (tonsillitis), putimamsa (gangrene), alaji (boils), ganda (goiter), gandamala (cervical lymphadenitis), and upajihvika (inflammation of epiglottis).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/13-15]
• The symptoms produced due to injury to ''mamsavaha srotas'' are ''shwayathu''(edema),''mamsashosha''(wasting), ''siragrandhi''(aneurism) and death.[ Su.Sa. Sharir Sthana 9/12]
• The symptoms produced due to injury to mamsavaha srotas are shwayathu(edema),mamsashosha(wasting), siragrandhi(aneurism) and death.[ Su.Sa. Sharir Sthana 9/12]
• Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifesting in ''mamsagata jwara''. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
• Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifesting in mamsagata jwara. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
Role of mamsa dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases:
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the dushya(vitiated tissue) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
• ''Avruta madhumeha''(diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79],''prameha pidaka''(diabetic carbuncles) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82],
• Avruta madhumeha(diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79],prameha pidaka(diabetic carbuncles) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82],
• ''shotha''(swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]
• shotha(swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]
• ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]
• prameha (obstinate urinary disorders) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]
• ''kushtha''(skin disorders)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
• kushtha(skin disorders)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
• ''shosha''(wasting diseases)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]
• shosha(wasting diseases)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]
• ''granthi''(nodule) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]
• granthi(nodule) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]
• ''arsha'' (hemorrhoids)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/5]
• arsha (hemorrhoids)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/5]
• ''kamala''(jaundice) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/34]
• kamala(jaundice) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/34]
• ''visarpa'' (erysipelas) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/15]
• visarpa (erysipelas) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/15]
• ''vidradhi''(abcess)[Su.Sam. Nidana Sthana 9/4]
• vidradhi(abcess)[Su.Sam. Nidana Sthana 9/4]
• ''Tritiyaka jwara'' [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/66]
• Tritiyaka jwara [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/66]
• ''Mamsakleda''(retention of moisture) and ''mamsadaha'' (inflammation) are included among the 40 disorders due to pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]
• Mamsakleda(retention of moisture) and mamsadaha (inflammation) are included among the 40 disorders due to pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]
• When vitiated [[''vata'']] is located in muscles and fat, it manifests as heaviness of body, pricking pain and as if beaten by a strong rod,severe pain and fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/32]
• When vitiated [[vata]] is located in muscles and fat, it manifests as heaviness of body, pricking pain and as if beaten by a strong rod,severe pain and fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/32]
• When [[vata]] gets occluded by ''mamsa'', it causes hard,discolored boils,swellings, horripilation and tingling. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/64]
• When [[vata]] gets occluded by mamsa, it causes hard,discolored boils,swellings, horripilation and tingling. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/64]
• The ''srava''(discharge) from a ''vrana'' situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
• The srava(discharge) from a vrana situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
• If a foreign body gets lodged in ''mamsa'', it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
• If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
• Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
• Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
Prognosis:
• ''Vrana'' (ulcer) is easily curable when situated in ''mamsa''. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]
• Vrana (ulcer) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]
• From prognosticaspect, ''mamsagata jwara'' is curable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83]
• From prognosticaspect, mamsagata jwara is curable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83]
• In case of fracture, if the inflammation of muscle tissue is noticed, it is difficult to cure. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/69]
• In case of fracture, if the inflammation of muscle tissue is noticed, it is difficult to cure. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/69]
==Importance in preservation of health and prevention ==
==Importance in preservation of health and prevention ==
Samhanana (proper musculature) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]
A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].
A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].
Qualitative and quantitative decrease in ''mamsa dhatu'' is directly related to ''balakshaya''(diminution of strength) [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and ''ojakshaya''[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of ''mamsa dhatu'' is related to strength and immunity of a person.
Qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to balakshaya(diminution of strength) [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and ojakshaya[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.
==Management of disease: ==
==Management of disease: ==
The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with ''shodhana''(purification), ''shastra''(surgery), application of ''kshara'' (alkali) and ''agnikarma'' (cauterization) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26]
The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with shodhana(purification), shastra(surgery), application of kshara (alkali) and agnikarma (cauterization) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26]
In ''Jwara'', affecting ''mamsa'' and [[''meda dhatu'']], [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) and ''upavasa'' (fasting) should be done. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/316]
In Jwara, affecting mamsa and [[meda dhatu]], [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) and upavasa (fasting) should be done. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/316]
When [[''vata'']] gets occluded by ''mamsa'' and [[''medas'']], purgation, evacuative enema and palliative measures should be administered. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/93]
When [[vata]] gets occluded by mamsa and [[medas]], purgation, evacuative enema and palliative measures should be administered. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/93]
The poisonous effects on ''mamsa dhatu'' are treated with roots of khadira (Acacia catechu), nimba (Azadiracta indica) and kutaja (Holarrhena antidysentrica) mixed with honey and water. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/187]
The poisonous effects on mamsa dhatu are treated with roots of khadira (Acacia catechu), nimba (Azadiracta indica) and kutaja (Holarrhena antidysentrica) mixed with honey and water. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/187]
''Yapana [[ basti]]'' (a type of enema) is indicated for promoting [[shukra]] and ''mamsa''(semen and muscular tissue) of a person, indulging excessive sexual intercourse. [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 8/21]
Yapana [[ basti]] (a type of enema) is indicated for promoting [[shukra]] and mamsa(semen and muscular tissue) of a person, indulging excessive sexual intercourse. [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 8/21]
The effect of ''anuvasana basti''(unctuous enema) is observed in terms of unctuousness in ''mamsa'' and ''medas'' on the sixth day. [Su. Sam. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
The effect of anuvasana basti(unctuous enema) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa and medas on the sixth day. [Su. Sam. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
''Mamsa'' (meat) is considered as the best measure for ''brimhana''(nourishing) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing ''grahani'' (gastrointestinal disorders) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for brimhana(nourishing) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing grahani (gastrointestinal disorders) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
In the management of poisoning due to substances of plant and mineral origin and snake bite, the use of flesh with fresh blood is used to keep on the incision made at the vertex region of the person. [Su. Sa. chikitsa Sthana 2 /43, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3 /24]
In the management of poisoning due to substances of plant and mineral origin and snake bite, the use of flesh with fresh blood is used to keep on the incision made at the vertex region of the person. [Su. Sa. chikitsa Sthana 2 /43, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3 /24]
Surgical Management:
In muscular parts, the depth of surgical incision should be equal to the size of 1 ''yava''(barley). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/9].
In muscular parts, the depth of surgical incision should be equal to the size of 1 yava(barley). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/9].
''Sandamshayantra''(pincers/forceps) are used to pull foreign bodies lodged in ''mamsa''. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/11].
Sandamshayantra(pincers/forceps) are used to pull foreign bodies lodged in mamsa. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/11].
Tempering of instruments should be done using water, for splitting, cutting and tearing of muscles. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/12].
Tempering of instruments should be done using water, for splitting, cutting and tearing of muscles. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/12].
For ''agnikarma''(thermal cautery), ''jambavoshtha''( a piece of black stone), and rods of other metals are used for diseases of ''mamsa.'' [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 12/4].
For agnikarma(thermal cautery), jambavoshtha( a piece of black stone), and rods of other metals are used for diseases of mamsa. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 12/4].
Dietary management:
Mamsa dhatu is increased predominantly with the consumption of meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]
Lifestyle management:
Vyayama (specific physical exercise):
Vyayama is intended towards bringing stability (in body) and an increase in strength. It can decrease the morbidities and improve the functions of [[agni.]] [Cha.Sa,Sutra Sthana 7/31]. Current researches recognized exercise as a primary strategy to control hyperglycaemic disorders, also it induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise are widely dependent on the intensity and volume.<ref>Ana E Von Ah Morano et al, The Role of Glucose Homeostasis on Immune Function in Response to Exercise: The Impact of Low or Higher Energetic Conditions, Journal of Cellular Physiology ; Vol 235, No 4, Apr 2020 ; PP: 3169-3188</ref>
==Current researches ==
==Current researches ==
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost the same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 8 – Contraction & Excitation of Smooth muscle</ref>
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost the same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 8 – Contraction & Excitation of Smooth muscle</ref>
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of ''peshi'' and ''snayu'' described above.
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
Composition of muscles:
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>
Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>
The components can be referred to as basic ''pancha bhautika'' constituents of ''mamsa dhatu.''
The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
Stem cells:
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cells having the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. The fusion of these myoblasts is specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cells having the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. The fusion of these myoblasts is specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into the last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.
Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into the last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.
This can be referred to in view of ''sthayi'' or ''poshya'' part of ''mamsa dhatu.''
This can be referred to in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.
Embryonic development of muscles:
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control, and final appearances.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control, and final appearances.
Myogenesis in a nutshell:
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
• Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.
• Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.
Functions:
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three fourth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.248</ref> The muscle proteins called actin and myosin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyosin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.250</ref>
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three fourth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.248</ref> The muscle proteins called actin and myosin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyosin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.250</ref>
Diagnostic investigation methods:
A. Radiological investigation
1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Purpose –
Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle
Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle
Tissue oxygenation
Tissue oxygenation
2. Muscle ultrasound
Purpose –
Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
B. Culture tests
Muscle mass biopsy'''
Muscle mass biopsy
C. Electro-diagnostic techniques
1. Electromyography (EMG)
Purpose –
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.
Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.
2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)
Purpose –
Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies
Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies
It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.
It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.
D. Hematological & Serological investigation
1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
E. Genetics
1. Exome sequencing
Purpose –
Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>HåvardBjørgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle,Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>HåvardBjørgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle,Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>