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→Current researches
==Current researches ==
==Current researches ==
Contemporary approach:
Contemporary approach:
The muscles in human body are categorized in three main categories:
The muscles in the human body are categorized into three main categories:
1. Skeletal muscles
1. Skeletal muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
About 40 per cent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle.
About 40 percent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 percent is smooth and cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.
Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.
In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and hundred times longer.
In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and a hundred times longer.
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost the same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.
These can be referred as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of ''peshi'' and ''snayu'' described above.
'''Composition of muscles:'''
'''Composition of muscles:'''
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Myoglobin is a protein presentin sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Itsfunction is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecularweight of 17,000.
Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.
The components can be referred as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
The components can be referred to as basic ''pancha bhautika'' constituents of ''mamsa dhatu.''
'''Stem cells:'''
'''Stem cells:'''
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cell having capability to differentiate into muscle cells. Fusion of these myoblasts are specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cells having the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. The fusion of these myoblasts is specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
In normal and undamaged muscle, these satellite cells are quiescent and do not involve in cell division. But just after facing mechanical strain, proliferates as skeletal myoblasts prior to undergoing differentiation.
In normal and undamaged muscle, these satellite cells are quiescent and do not involve in cell division. But just after facing mechanical strain, proliferates as skeletal myoblasts prior to undergoing differentiation.
Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.
Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into the last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.
This can be referred in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.
This can be referred to in view of ''sthayi'' or ''poshya'' part of ''mamsa dhatu.''
'''Embryonic development of muscles:'''
'''Embryonic development of muscles:'''
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control and final appearances.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control, and final appearances.
'''Myogenesis in a nutshell:'''
'''Myogenesis in a nutshell:'''
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
• Myoblasts proliferate under influence of Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
• Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
• Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
• Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
• The myotubes are fused together under influence of calcium ions resulting inMyogenesis.
• The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
• Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
• Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
'''Functions:'''
'''Functions:'''
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three forth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise. The muscle proteins called actin and myocin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyocin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three fourth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise. The muscle proteins called actin and myosin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyosin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.
'''Diagnostic investigation methods:'''
'''Diagnostic investigation methods:'''
'''Purpose –'''
'''Purpose –'''
Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in pediatric population.
Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
'''B. Culture tests
'''B. Culture tests
'''Purpose –'''
'''Purpose –'''
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Assessment of healthy status of Nerves and Muscles.
Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.
'''2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''
'''2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''
1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
2. Aldolase – Identifies weakness of muscle.
2. Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of muscle.
3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.
3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.
'''Purpose –'''
'''Purpose –'''
Identification of genetic variations at base pair resolution throughout human genome which targets proportion of DNA which codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
'''Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:'''
'''Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:'''
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanised changes. An important result was the significant down regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.
===List of theses done===
===List of theses done===