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|title=Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya

|title=Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Ten seats of life forces, pranayatana, vital centers, qualities of pranabhisara (life saver) physician, characteristics of rogabhisara(life destroyer), quack

|keywords=Ten seats of life forces, pranayatana, vital centers, qualities of pranabhisara (life saver) physician, characteristics of rogabhisara(life destroyer), quack, medical ethics, charak samhita, ayurveda

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces

}}

}}

<div style="text-align:justify;">As the name suggests, the chapter provides a brief description of the ten vital sites of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (pranabhisara) that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (roganamabhisara). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire Sutra Sthana, implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">As the name suggests, the chapter provides a brief description of the ten vital sites of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (pranabhisara) that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (roganamabhisara). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire Sutra Sthana, implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State. </div>

'''Keywords''': Ten seats of life forces, ''pranayatana'', vital centers, qualities of ''pranabhisara'' (life saver) physician, characteristics of ''rogabhisara''(life destroyer), quack.

'''Keywords''': Ten seats of life forces, ''pranayatana'', vital centers, qualities of ''pranabhisara'' (life saver) physician, characteristics of ''rogabhisara''(life destroyer), medical ethics, quack.

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=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

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Of the thirty chapters in the [[Sutra Sthana]] of the [[Charak Samhita]], the last two (29 and 30) are “independent” chapters since they are not part of any tetrad (or cluster of four chapters clubbed together by a common theme), like the way the rest of the [[Sutra Sthana]] has been structured. The 29th chapter serves to summarize the [[Sutra Sthana]] while the 30th chapter gives an overview of the entire text itself. Partly, the name of the chapter derives from the reference to the seats of the life forces in the previous chapter. The thread of thought is as follows. For the reason that these vital points were mentioned in the previous chapter creates an occasion for their further elaboration in the next chapter. As the [[Sutra Sthana]] is on the verge of being concluded, the topic of the vital points is used imaginatively to focus on the purpose of studying this section of the book.  

Of the thirty chapters in the [[Sutra Sthana]] of the [[Charak Samhita]], the last two (29 and 30) are “independent” chapters since they are not part of any tetrad (or cluster of four chapters clubbed together by a common theme), like the way the rest of the [[Sutra Sthana]] has been structured. The 29th chapter serves to summarize the [[Sutra Sthana]] while the 30th chapter gives an overview of the entire text itself. Partly, the name of the chapter derives from the reference to the seats of the life forces in the previous chapter. The thread of thought is as follows. For the reason that these vital points were mentioned in the previous chapter creates an occasion for their further elaboration in the next chapter. As the [[Sutra Sthana]] is on the verge of being concluded, the topic of the vital points is used imaginatively to focus on the purpose of studying this section of the book.  

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

दशप्राणायतनीयाध्यायोपक्रमः

दशप्राणायतनीयाध्यायोपक्रमः

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Now the chapter dealing with the ten principal seats of the life forces shall be explained in detail. Thus, spoke Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now I will expound the chapter on the ten principal seats of the life forces. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

==== Ten principal seats of the life forces ====

=== Ten principal seats of the life forces ===

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'''Cross-reference:''' In [[Sankhya Sharira]], Shankha (the temples) are replaced by nabhi and mamsa in the list of pranayatana.[Cha.Sha.7/9]

'''Cross-reference:''' In [[Sankhya Sharira]], Shankha (the temples) are replaced by nabhi and mamsa in the list of pranayatana.[Cha.Sha.7/9]

==== Two types of doctors ====

=== Two types of doctors ===

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Surely, there are two types of physicians, Agnivesha! One who is a companion of the life forces and destroyer of diseases, and the other who is the companion of diseases and destroyer of the life process. [5]

Surely, there are two types of physicians, Agnivesha! One who is a companion of the life forces and destroyer of diseases, and the other who is the companion of diseases and destroyer of the life process. [5]

==== Qualities of ''pranabhisara'' (who protects life forces) ====

=== Qualities of ''pranabhisara'' (who protects life forces) ===

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==== Characteristics of ''rogabhisara'' (who creates diseases and destroys life forces) ====

=== Characteristics of ''rogabhisara'' (who creates diseases and destroys life forces) ===

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Prompted by the greed to find a vocation for themselves, these persons make self-boosting claims about their medical skills and engage in some clinical practice. When they hear that someone is sick, they present themselves and make themselves heard, announcing their qualities as a physician in loud voices. They also make it a point to repeatedly highlight the faults of the physician who retaliates or becomes a competition for them. They try to befriend the associates and friends of the patients by making them happy, praising them and also serving them. They also emphasize that they expect very little for the services rendered. When they are confronted with a situation in which they have to function as a physician, they look here and there frantically trying to cover up their ignorance. Being unable to manage the disease, they blame the patient by saying that they do not have the necessary tools, or do not have assistants or are not disciplined. When the patient shows sign of succumbing to the disease, they relocate to another place excusing themselves. Amongst the common people, they brag about their skills in a contradictory manner revealing their lack of skills, exposing themselves as cowards, they downgrade the courage of the valiant persons. But when they see knowledgeable people, they move out of their way to avoid a confrontation just as wayfarers avoid thick forests out of fear. Whatever concepts they know, they constantly refer to them in inappropriate or altogether different contexts. They are fearful of any questions. They fear questions like death. Moreover, it is not possible to get any information about their teachers, disciples or colleagues or if mentioned, it is controversial. [8-9]

Prompted by the greed to find a vocation for themselves, these persons make self-boosting claims about their medical skills and engage in some clinical practice. When they hear that someone is sick, they present themselves and make themselves heard, announcing their qualities as a physician in loud voices. They also make it a point to repeatedly highlight the faults of the physician who retaliates or becomes a competition for them. They try to befriend the associates and friends of the patients by making them happy, praising them and also serving them. They also emphasize that they expect very little for the services rendered. When they are confronted with a situation in which they have to function as a physician, they look here and there frantically trying to cover up their ignorance. Being unable to manage the disease, they blame the patient by saying that they do not have the necessary tools, or do not have assistants or are not disciplined. When the patient shows sign of succumbing to the disease, they relocate to another place excusing themselves. Amongst the common people, they brag about their skills in a contradictory manner revealing their lack of skills, exposing themselves as cowards, they downgrade the courage of the valiant persons. But when they see knowledgeable people, they move out of their way to avoid a confrontation just as wayfarers avoid thick forests out of fear. Whatever concepts they know, they constantly refer to them in inappropriate or altogether different contexts. They are fearful of any questions. They fear questions like death. Moreover, it is not possible to get any information about their teachers, disciples or colleagues or if mentioned, it is controversial. [8-9]

==== Social hazards from quackery ====

=== Social hazards from quackery ===

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In the chapter titled “the ten seats of the life forces," the summary of the contents of the [[Sutra Sthana]] or ''Shloka Sthana'', the two types of physicians and the ten seats of the life forces have been described. [14]

In the chapter titled “the ten seats of the life forces," the summary of the contents of the [[Sutra Sthana]] or ''Shloka Sthana'', the two types of physicians and the ten seats of the life forces have been described. [14]

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

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*The ten principal seats of life forces are the two temples, the three vital organs (heart, brain and urinary bladder including urinary system), the throat, blood, ''Shukra'' (reproductive fluid), ''Oja'' (the vital fluid) and the anus.  

*The ten principal seats of life forces are the two temples, the three vital organs (heart, brain and urinary bladder including urinary system), the throat, blood, ''Shukra'' (reproductive fluid), ''Oja'' (the vital fluid) and the anus.  

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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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The narration of the text begins. The author makes it clear at the beginning of each chapter that it is not essentially his views that are being codified but rather the views of the preceptor Atreya. The teaching becomes credible when it comes from an authentic source. When codified knowledge is transmitted, it is mandatory to reveal the source of information and also to confirm its authenticity. [2]

The narration of the text begins. The author makes it clear at the beginning of each chapter that it is not essentially his views that are being codified but rather the views of the preceptor Atreya. The teaching becomes credible when it comes from an authentic source. When codified knowledge is transmitted, it is mandatory to reveal the source of information and also to confirm its authenticity. [2]