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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">There are biological effects of food and beverages on the physiological systems of body. In a sequence of earlier chapter, this chapter describes principles of digestion and metabolism of consumed diet. The formation of tissue elements and metabolic products during this process are explained in detail.  The food nourishes body tissues through various systemic channels named ‘srotasa’. Specific disease conditions due to vitiation of these body systems and their principles of management are highlighted in this chapter. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of dosha from koshtha (gut) to shakha(periphery). These factors are important for preservation of health and disease management. Being the last chapter of tetrad on food and beverages, the chapter summarizes importance of diet, its examination for wholesome benefits and adverse effects on improper consumption. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">There are biological effects of food and beverages on the physiological systems of body. In a sequence of earlier chapter, this chapter describes principles of digestion and metabolism of consumed diet. The formation of tissue elements and metabolic products during this process are explained in detail.  The food nourishes body tissues through various systemic channels named ‘srotasa’. Specific disease conditions due to vitiation of these body systems and their principles of management are highlighted in this chapter. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused due to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of dosha from koshtha (gut) to shakha(periphery). These factors are important for preservation of health and disease management. Being the last chapter of tetrad on food and beverages, the chapter summarizes importance of diet, its examination for wholesome benefits and adverse effects on improper consumption. </div>

'''Keywords''':  Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of ''dosha, koshtha, shakha''.

'''Keywords''':  Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of ''dosha, koshtha, shakha''.

The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).

The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).

Wholesome food is vital for the nourishment of human body, the creation of healthy tissues, maintenance of health, and for the prevention of diseases. Not following a wholesome food regimen causes vitiation of ''doshas''. These ''doshas'' then reside within ''dhatus''(tissue elements), ''upadhatus''(tissues formed from the essence of ''dhatu'' during transformation process), or ''malas'' (metabolic wastes). In certain situations, the vitiated ''doshas'' get aggravated to cause diseases. The entire process is explained with clinical features of association of vitiated ''dosha'' with the respective pathogen. The causative factors for movement of ''dosha'' from the periphery to the gut and vice versa are important to understand the diseases and prescribe the appropriate purification processes. Digestion and assimilation are the most important physiological processes in the body. Any abnormality in this process results in the improper formation of the ''dhatu'' thus resulting in either deficiency or excessive formation of ''dhatus'' resulting in disorders. The causes for the movement of vitiated ''doshas'' from alimentary tract (''koshtha'') to the ''raktadi dhatu'' and skin (''shakha'') results in the occurrence of diseases. Moving the ''doshas'' back to alimentary tract (''koshtha'') and after that removing them eliminates diseases. The line of treatment of various diseases due to an abnormality in the ''dhatus'' is mentioned in this chapter. Thus, the chapter presents important aspects of food, digestion, metabolism, immunity, diseases of affected tissues, and guidelines for their treatment.

Wholesome food is vital for the nourishment of human body, the creation of healthy tissues, maintenance of health, and for the prevention of disease. Not following a wholesome food regimen causes vitiation of ''doshas''. These ''doshas'' then reside within ''dhatus''(tissue elements), ''upadhatus''(tissues formed from the essence of ''dhatu'' during transformation process), or ''malas'' (metabolic wastes). In certain situations, the vitiated ''doshas'' get aggravated to cause diseases. The entire process is explained with clinical features of association of vitiated ''dosha'' with the respective pathogen. The causative factors for movement of ''dosha'' from the periphery to the gut and vice versa are important to understand the disease and prescribe the appropriate purification process. Digestion and assimilation are the most important physiological process in the body. Any abnormality in this process results in the improper formation of the ''dhatu'' thus resulting in either deficiency or excessive formation of ''dhatus'' resulting in disorders. The causes for the movement of vitiated ''doshas'' from alimentary tract (''koshtha'') to the ''raktadi dhatu'' and skin (''shakha'') results in the occurrence of diseases. Moving the ''doshas'' back to alimentary tract (''koshtha'') and after that removing them eliminates diseases. The line of treatment of various diseases due to an abnormality in the ''dhatus'' is mentioned in this chapter. Thus, the chapter presents important aspects of food, digestion, metabolism, immunity, diseases of affected tissues, and guidelines for their treatment.

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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / fundamental Principles===

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*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]

*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]

*The metabolic process of ''ahara rasa'' (the end product of digestion) results in the formation of nourishing and waste products.

*The metabolic process of ''ahara rasa'' (the end product of digestion) results in the formation of nourishing and waste products.

*The body is formed from food, and even diseases also originate from food. Wholesome and unwholesome foods are responsible for happiness and unhappiness respectively (Ch. Su. 28/45).

*The body is formed from food, and even diseases also originate from food. Wholesome and unwholesome foods are responsible for happiness and unhappiness respectively (Ch. Su. 28/45).

*Apart from unwholesome food, many other etiological factors for disease production are present, like a change of season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts (excessive, wrong and overutilization) of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*Apart from unwholesome food, many other etiological factors for disease production are present, like a change of season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts (excessive, wrong and over-utilization) of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the ''doshas'' are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease (Ch. Su. 28/7).  

*All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the ''doshas'' are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease (Ch. Su. 28/7).  

*The doshas become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, get further aggravated or complicated when treated with a mutually contradictory therapy, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and afflict vital centers of the body known as ''marma'' (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*The doshas become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, get further aggravated or complicated when treated with a mutually contradictory therapy, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and afflict vital centers of the body known as ''marma'' (Ch. Su. 28/7).

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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

==== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ====

==== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ====