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Line 3,046: − + − + − + − + + + + + − + − + + + + + + + − In a fat person the r-factor will be less than in a muscular one. Theoretically a fat person with the same mass as a muscular one will become more intoxicated on the same amount of alcohol consumed over the same period. (alcohol is not fat soluble but water soluble) − a) Alcohol remaining in the + − b) Alcohol already metabolized + − c) Alcohol excreted in the urine and still in the bladder + − d) Alcohol perspired + − e) Alcohol exhaled+ − + +
→Role of olfaction in intoxication
The olfactory system relates to cognitive and emotional brain regions, and exploring olfaction might improve the understanding of emotional-cognitive deficits in alcohol- dependence (up to now explore with visio–auditory stimulations). Olfaction is indeed directly connected with limbic (Soudry et al., 2011) and fronto-temporal regions (Rolls, 2004).
The olfactory system relates to cognitive and emotional brain regions, and exploring olfaction might improve the understanding of emotional-cognitive deficits in alcohol- dependence (up to now explore with visio–auditory stimulations). Olfaction is indeed directly connected with limbic (Soudry et al., 2011) and fronto-temporal regions (Rolls, 2004).
The orbitofrontal cortex is a crucial area in this perspective, being simultaneously involved in emotional, executive, and olfactory processing (Rolls, 2008). Strong correlations between olfactory and cognitive abilities have been shown (Purdon, 1998; Schu- bert et al., 2008; Sohrabi et al., 2012), underlining their common cerebral basis. Olfaction thus constitutes an interesting way to renew the exploration of emotional-executive deficits in alcohol-dependence.
The orbitofrontal cortex is a crucial area in this perspective, being simultaneously involved in emotional, executive, and olfactory processing (Rolls, 2008). Strong correlations between olfactory and cognitive abilities have been shown (Purdon, 1998; Schubert et al., 2008; Sohrabi et al., 2012), underlining their common cerebral basis. Olfaction thus constitutes an interesting way to renew the exploration of emotional-executive deficits in alcohol-dependence.
In view of the above research; the consumption of liquor in pleasent atmosphere, with perfumes, esscense and garlands has a reason to avoid false stimulation of olfactory nerve and to maintain the consciousness during and after liquor intake.
The intention of using perfumes etc is based upon the understanding of its effect on olfaction and there by on the cerebral functions; which otherwise termed as gandha-jnyana, meaning knowledge of olfaction. The most preferred aromas will help maintaining the psycho-neuro axis well in control and it prevents the intoxicating effects on human body.
In view of the above research, the consumption of liquor in pleasant atmosphere, with perfumes, essence and garlands has a reason to avoid false stimulation of olfactory nerve and to maintain the consciousness during and after liquor intake.
Factors affecting addictive behaviour: Addictive behavior associated with alcoholism is characterized by compulsive preoccupation with obtaining alcohol, loss of control over consumption, and development of tolerance and dependence, as well as impaired social and occupational functioning. Like other addictive disorders, alcoholism is characterized by chronic vulnerability to relapse after cessation of drinking.
The intention of using perfumes etc is based upon the understanding of its effect on olfaction and there by on the cerebral functions; which otherwise termed as ''gandha-jnana'', meaning knowledge of olfaction. The most preferred aromas will help maintaining the psycho-neuro axis well in control and it prevents the intoxicating effects on human body.
Factors affecting addictive behavior: Addictive behavior associated with alcoholism is characterized by compulsive preoccupation with obtaining alcohol, loss of control over consumption, and development of tolerance and dependence, as well as impaired social and occupational functioning. Like other addictive disorders, alcoholism is characterized by chronic vulnerability to relapse after cessation of drinking.
More recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the understanding of neurobiological and environmental factors in susceptibility to relapse5.
More recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the understanding of neurobiological and environmental factors in susceptibility to relapse5.
The BAC’s showed in the following tables are the maximum attainable concentrations for a specific amount of alcohol consumed.
The BACs showed in the following tables are the maximum attainable concentrations for a specific amount of alcohol consumed.
Table 4: Factors determining maximum BAC:
Table 4: Factors determining maximum BAC:
The calculations are based on Widmark’s Formula:
The calculations are based on Widmark’s Formula:
A = Amount of alcohol measured in grams
A = Amount of alcohol measured in grams
P = Mass of the individual in kilograms
P = Mass of the individual in kilograms
C = Blood Alcohol Concentration in gram/100ml
C = Blood Alcohol Concentration in gram/100ml
R = Distribution Factor (f=0.7 =0.6)
R = Distribution Factor (f=0.7 =0.6)
10 = Conversion Factor from g/1000 ml to g/100ml
10 = Conversion Factor from g/1000 ml to g/100ml
A = P x C x R x 10
A = P x C x R x 10
In a fat person the r-factor will be less than in a muscular one. Theoretically a fat person with the same mass as a muscular one will become more intoxicated on the same amount of alcohol consumed over the same period. (alcohol is not fat soluble but water soluble)
The given blood alcohol concentration is a reflection of the minimum alcohol that was absorbed in the gut.
The given blood alcohol concentration is a reflection of the minimum alcohol that was absorbed in the gut.
It does not reflect the:
It does not reflect the:
#Alcohol remaining in the
#Alcohol already metabolized
#Alcohol excreted in the urine and still in the bladder
#Alcohol perspired
#Alcohol exhaled
Alcoholism jointly leads to olfactory and memory source impairment and these two categories of deficits are associated. These results strongly support the proposition that olfactory and confabulation measures both index orbitofrontal functioning, and suggests that olfaction could become a reliable cognitive marker in psychiatric disorders6.
Alcoholism jointly leads to olfactory and memory source impairment and these two categories of deficits are associated. These results strongly support the proposition that olfactory and confabulation measures both index orbitofrontal functioning, and suggests that olfaction could become a reliable cognitive marker in psychiatric disorders6.
Table 5: ICD classification
===== Table 5: ICD classification =====
ICD 11 – Alcohol
ICD 11 – Alcohol