Changes

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.  

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.  

===== Herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases =====

===== Herbs used in management of ''santarpanajanya'' diseases =====

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>.  Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.  

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>.  Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.  

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.  

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>.  In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage<ref>http://www.montanaim.com/pubs/Turmeric_article.pdf </ref>.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>.  In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.<ref> http://www.montanaim.com pubs Turmeric_article.pdf</ref>.  

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.   

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.   

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.   

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.   

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===== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of santarpaniya diseases =====  

===== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of santarpaniya diseases =====  

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"