Changes

===== ''Enicostema littorale'' =====

===== ''Enicostema littorale'' =====

''Mamejjaka'' (Enicostema littorale Blume) is used as a single herb and also as a part of an anti-diabetic mixture [15]. In a clinical study on patients with type 2 diabetes, E. littorale reduced blood glucose and prevented the progression of diabetic complications. There was a significant improvement in the lipid profile, blood pressure, and kidney function [25]. It significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid peroxides in rats with alloxan- induced diabetes, and increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase [26]. In studies on rats with streptozotocin- induced type 1 diabetes, E. littorale significantly reduced glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels [27], and ameliorated diabetic nephropathy. Serum creatinine and urea were significantly decreased and glomerular function improved [28]. In rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet, E. littorale decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, liver, and kidney cholesterol levels, and lipid peroxidation levels. There was an increase in HDL and an increase in reduced glutathione levels [29].

''Mamejjaka'' (Enicostema littorale Blume) is used as a single herb and also as a part of an anti-diabetic mixture<ref>Shanmugasundaram ER, Gopinath KL, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Rajendran VM. Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozocin- diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts. J Ethnnopharmacol 1990; 30: 265-279</ref>. In a clinical study on patients with type 2 diabetes, E. littorale reduced blood glucose and prevented the progression of diabetic complications. There was a significant improvement in the lipid profile, blood pressure, and kidney function<ref>Upadhyay UM, Goyal RK. Efficacy  of Enicostemma littorale in type-2 diabetic patients. Phytother Res 2004; 18:233-235</ref>. It significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid peroxides in rats with alloxan- induced diabetes, and increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase<ref>Prince PS, Srinivasan M. Enicostemma littorale Blume aqueous extract improves the antioxidant status in alloxan induced diabetic rat tissues. Acta Pol Pharm 2005; 62: 363-367</ref>. In studies on rats with streptozotocin- induced type 1 diabetes, E. littorale significantly reduced glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels<ref>Vishwakarma SL, Sonawane RD, Rajani M, Goyal RK. Evaluation of effect of aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale in streptozotocin –induced type-1 diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2010; 48:26-30</ref>, and ameliorated diabetic nephropathy. Serum creatinine and urea were significantly decreased and glomerular function improved<ref>Sonawane RD, Vishwakarma SL, Lakshmi S, et al. Amelirotion of STZ-induced type 1 diabetic nephropathy by aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale Blume and swertiamarin in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 340:1-6</ref>. In rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet, E. littorale decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, liver, and kidney cholesterol levels, and lipid peroxidation levels. There was an increase in HDL and an increase in reduced glutathione levels<ref>Vasu VT, Modi H, Thaikoottathil JV,Gupta S. Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of Enicostemma littorale Blume aqueous extract in cholesterol fed rats. J Ethnnopharmacol  2005; 101: 277-282.</ref>.

A pilot study on an herbal mixture containing  ''tejapatra'' (Cinnamomum Tamala)<ref>Chandola HM, Tripathi S N. Hypoglycemic response of C.tamala in diabetes. In: Bajaj JS,ed. Diabetes Mellitus in developing Countries. New Delhi: Interprint, 1984: 383-386.</ref><ref>Chandola HM, Tripathi S N, Udupa KN. Effect of C.tamala on plasma insulin vis-à-vis  blood sugar in patients of diabetes mellitus. J Res Ayurveda Siddha 1980;1:3455-357. </ref>, ''pushkarmula'' (Inula racemosa), ''mamejjaka'' (E.littorale), ''meshashringi'' (Gymnema Sylvestre), and ''jambu'' (Syzygium cumini) seeds with ''karvellaka'' (bitter gourd; bitter melon; Momordica charantia) juice, administered at a dose of 5g twice a day before meals, decreased fasting and post- prandial blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes<ref>Singh B, Singh G, Vyas SN, Chandola HM. The role of  Virechana and herbal drugs in the management of MadhuMeha (diabetes mellitus). MD (Ayu) thesis. Institute of  Post Graduate Teaching and Resaerch in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, India, 1992</ref>. ''Avartaki'' (Cassia auriculata Linn.) and ''methika'' (Trigonella foenum- graecum) as single herbs and decoction of ''nimba'' or ''neem'' (Azadirachta indica A.juss;) have also demonstrated blood glucose- lowering  action33. In a clinical study on patients with type 2 diabetes, neem showed significant hypoglycemic effect. The effect of ''neem'' was comparable to that of glibenclamide<ref>Waheeda A, Miana GA, Ahmead SI. Clinical investigation of hypoglycemic effect of seeds of Azadirachata indica in type-2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. Pak J Pharm Sci 2006; 19: 322-325</ref><ref>Khosla P, Bhanwra S,Singh J, et al. A study of hypoglycaemic effect of Azadirachata indica (Neem) in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000:44:69-74</ref>.  

A pilot study on an herbal mixture containing  ''tejapatra'' (Cinnamomum Tamala)<ref>Chandola HM, Tripathi S N. Hypoglycemic response of C.tamala in diabetes. In: Bajaj JS,ed. Diabetes Mellitus in developing Countries. New Delhi: Interprint, 1984: 383-386.</ref><ref>Chandola HM, Tripathi S N, Udupa KN. Effect of C.tamala on plasma insulin vis-à-vis  blood sugar in patients of diabetes mellitus. J Res Ayurveda Siddha 1980;1:3455-357. </ref>, ''pushkarmula'' (Inula racemosa), ''mamejjaka'' (E.littorale), ''meshashringi'' (Gymnema Sylvestre), and ''jambu'' (Syzygium cumini) seeds with ''karvellaka'' (bitter gourd; bitter melon; Momordica charantia) juice, administered at a dose of 5g twice a day before meals, decreased fasting and post- prandial blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes<ref>Singh B, Singh G, Vyas SN, Chandola HM. The role of  Virechana and herbal drugs in the management of MadhuMeha (diabetes mellitus). MD (Ayu) thesis. Institute of  Post Graduate Teaching and Resaerch in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, India, 1992</ref>. ''Avartaki'' (Cassia auriculata Linn.) and ''methika'' (Trigonella foenum- graecum) as single herbs and decoction of ''nimba'' or ''neem'' (Azadirachta indica A.juss;) have also demonstrated blood glucose- lowering  action33. In a clinical study on patients with type 2 diabetes, neem showed significant hypoglycemic effect. The effect of ''neem'' was comparable to that of glibenclamide<ref>Waheeda A, Miana GA, Ahmead SI. Clinical investigation of hypoglycemic effect of seeds of Azadirachata indica in type-2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. Pak J Pharm Sci 2006; 19: 322-325</ref><ref>Khosla P, Bhanwra S,Singh J, et al. A study of hypoglycaemic effect of Azadirachata indica (Neem) in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000:44:69-74</ref>.