Changes

==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====

==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====

Charaka not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs)), and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities.   

Charaka not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs))<ref> Huang TT, Howarth NC, Lin BH, Roberts SB, McCrory MA: Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 2004, 12:1875-1885 </ref>, and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities<ref> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053.  </ref>.   

Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome.   

Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome <ref> Lee JY, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Hwang D: Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4.J Biol Chem 2001, 276:16683-16689. </ref>.   

   

   

Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects.   

Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects <ref> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe KJ, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Mathhan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N: Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation.J Nutr 2010, 140:1915-1922 </ref>.   

It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that ''kapha dosha, rasa, rakta, mamsa'' and ''meda dhatu'' are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.  

It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that ''kapha dosha, rasa, rakta, mamsa'' and ''meda dhatu'' are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.  

'''''Kandu''''' can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. ''Kandu'' is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.

'''''Kandu''''' can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. ''Kandu'' is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.

'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee.  This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.   

'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation<ref> Gayle R, Benjamin AL, Gary NG. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery 1998Aug 24; 176(Suppl 2A):65-105. </ref>. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood<ref> Tooke JE. Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 1986; 70:119-125 </ref> . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years<ref> Pyorala K, Laasko M, Vusiitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis, An epidemiologic view. Diabet Methob Rev 1987; 3:463-524 </ref>. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee.  This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.   

'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charaka has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is ''kapha'' dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder). In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.  

'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charaka has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is ''kapha'' dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency<ref> Karlee et al. Is Obesity Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease? A Population-based Study. 2008. Doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.353 </ref>. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder)<ref> Mehdi et al. Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease. 2009. 32(7): 1320-1326 </ref>. In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.  

'''''Amaja vyadhi''''':  ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.   

'''''Amaja vyadhi''''':  ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.   

When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word ''mutrakkrichra'' in this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.  

When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word ''mutrakkrichra'' in this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.  

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charaka has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis.

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charaka has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al.  Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

   

   

The direct effect of obesity on increaded risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

The direct effect of obesity on increaded risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

All the above mentioned conditions are due to severe hyperglycemia with hyperosmolality and dehydration, in the absence of significant ketosis. It occurs in patients with mild or occult diabetes, and most patients are middle-aged to elderly. Accurate figures are not available as to its true incidence, but from data on hospital discharges it is rarer than diabetic ketoacidosis even in older age groups.  

All the above mentioned conditions are due to severe hyperglycemia with hyperosmolality and dehydration, in the absence of significant ketosis. It occurs in patients with mild or occult diabetes, and most patients are middle-aged to elderly. Accurate figures are not available as to its true incidence, but from data on hospital discharges it is rarer than diabetic ketoacidosis even in older age groups.  

Research shows that a partial or relative insulin deficiency may trigger a syndrome by reducing glucose utilization of muscle, fat, and liver while increasing hepatic glucose output.   

Research shows that a partial or relative insulin deficiency may trigger a syndrome by reducing glucose utilization of muscle, fat, and liver while increasing hepatic glucose output<ref> Trence DL et al: Hyperglycemic crisis in diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001;30:817. [PMID: 11727401] </ref>.   

Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.  

Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.  

'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted ''dosha, dhatu'' or ''mala'' - from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by ''virechana, vamana'' or ''raktamokshana''.  

'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted ''dosha, dhatu'' or ''mala'' - from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by ''virechana, vamana'' or ''raktamokshana''.  

Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes.   

Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes<ref> D. E. Kelley and B. H. Goodpaster, “Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, supplement, pp. S495–S501, 2001.</ref>.   

   

   

===== Fasting =====

===== Fasting =====

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction.  

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.  

===== Herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases =====

===== Herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases =====

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists.  Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.  

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>.  Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.  

Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are ''akasha'' and ''vayu'' dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since agni plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.  

Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are ''akasha'' and ''vayu'' dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since agni plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.  

Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver.  

Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.  

    

    

Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces ''kapha dosha'' and regulates ''vata dosha'' at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.   

Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces ''kapha dosha'' and regulates ''vata dosha'' at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.   

   

   

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in vivo and in vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems.  It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects.   

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in vivo and in vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems.  It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al  Journal of Medicinal Plants ResearchVol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013  DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352  ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals  http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR  </ref>.   

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide.  

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.  

Cassia auriculata L. seedlings, if irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-B), it counteracted the induced oxidative stress with reduction in ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, glutathione/oxidized glutathione content at two doses assayed (7.5 and 15.0 kJ-2)

Cassia auriculata L. seedlings, if irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-B), it counteracted the induced oxidative stress with reduction in ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, glutathione/oxidized glutathione content at two doses assayed (7.5 and 15.0 kJ-2)<ref> Agarwal, S. Biol Plant (2007) 51: 157. doi:10.1007/s10535-007-0030-z </ref>

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins. ,  

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref>  Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref>  <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6.  </ref>.   

''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids.   

''Saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

''Saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it.  

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in

</ref>.  

    

    

Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors.   

Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.   

'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for ''vamana'' procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.

'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for ''vamana'' procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and ''vata dosha'' by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by ''kapha'' and ''vata doshas''.

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and ''vata dosha'' by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by ''kapha'' and ''vata doshas''.

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62.  </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms, and for the prevention of kidney stones.  

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.  

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

'''''Khadira''''' (Acacia Catechu): This herb is ''tikta'', ''kashaya'' having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. This herb is mostly used as ''kusthaghana'' to alleviate skin problems. In eastern traditional medicines, Acacia catechu Willd is extensively used in the management of diabetes in combinations with other medicinal plants. The most common chemical classes among these plants are flavonoid and other anti-oxidants. Hypoglycemic property of extract of Acacia catechu Willd is assumed to be due to the presence of flavonoids which also show inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and regenerate β cells. In vitro Acacia catechu Willd is reported to have broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti fungal properties. Phytochemical studies of Acacia catechu Willd leaves shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavones, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins which may be responsible for its anti-microbial properties.  

'''''Khadira''''' (Acacia Catechu): This herb is ''tikta'', ''kashaya'' having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. This herb is mostly used as ''kusthaghana'' to alleviate skin problems. In eastern traditional medicines, Acacia catechu Willd is extensively used in the management of diabetes in combinations with other medicinal plants. The most common chemical classes among these plants are flavonoid and other anti-oxidants. Hypoglycemic property of extract of Acacia catechu Willd is assumed to be due to the presence of flavonoids which also show inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and regenerateβ cells<ref> Jarald, E,. Joshi, SB,.and Jain, DC,. (2009). Studies shows that Myricetin, Quercetin and Catechin-gallate inhibit insulin stimulated glucose transporters in isolated adipocytes of rats (Strobel, P,. Allard, C,. Perez-Acle, T,. Calderon, R,. Aldunate, R,. and Leighton, F,. 2005) </ref>. In vitro Acacia catechu Willd is reported to have broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti fungal properties. Phytochemical studies of Acacia catechu Willd leaves shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavones, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins which may be responsible for its anti-microbial properties<ref> A review on Acacia catechu Willd  Muhammad Anis Hashmat, Rabia Hussain  Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business may 2013 vol 5, no 1  </ref>.  

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin). A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential.  

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.  In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>.  In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage<ref>http://www.montanaim.com/pubs/Turmeric_article.pdf </ref>.  

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties.   

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.   

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica):  It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects.

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica):  It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum):  It is ''katu tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats.  

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum):  It is ''katu tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.  

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism.  

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.  

'''''Kushtha''''' (Saussurea Lappa): has ''tikta katu madhur rasa'', ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is known to lower blood lipids and is also known to improve coronary circulation.   

'''''Kushtha''''' (Saussurea Lappa): has ''tikta katu madhur rasa'', ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is known to lower blood lipids and is also known to improve coronary circulation<ref> Study of kustha (, clarke) in ischaemic heart disease Anc Sci Lifev.13(1-2); Jul-Dec  93PMC3336543 </ref>.   

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use.  

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.  

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive  and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals.   

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.

Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.   

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective.  

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.  

'''''Kharavha ajmoda''''' (Trachyspermemum ammi): is a plant with ''katu, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. T. ammi has been shown to possess antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, digestive stimulant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating properties.   

'''''Kharavha ajmoda''''' (Trachyspermemum ammi): is a plant with ''katu, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. T. ammi has been shown to possess antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, digestive stimulant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating properties<ref> Bairwa Ranjan, Singhal Manmohan, Sodha Ravindra Singh and Rajawat Balwant Singh (2011). Medicinal Uses of Trachyspermum Ammi: A Review, The Pharma Research, 5(2): 247-258 </ref>.   

'''''Pashanabheda''''' (Berginia ligulata): has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a controversial herb and many other plants under the name ''pashanabheda'' are prescribed and used. ''Pashanabheda'' is enlisted in ''mootra virechaniya mahakashaya''. Due to its diuretic property, it can be used in hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, renal complains etc.   

'''''Pashanabheda''''' (Berginia ligulata): has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a controversial herb and many other plants under the name ''pashanabheda'' are prescribed and used. ''Pashanabheda'' is enlisted in ''mootra virechaniya mahakashaya''. Due to its diuretic property, it can be used in hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, renal complains etc<ref> Nagaratna, A Clinico-Experimental Study of Two Sources of Pashanabheda and Bryophyllum Pinnatum with respect to Mootrala Karma, 2012. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore </ref>.   

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties.  

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.  

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in (Ashtanga Hridaya [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 5).  

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in (Ashtanga Hridaya [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 5).  

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties  and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer.  

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref> and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998  , Volume : 30 ,,  Issue : 4  ,  Page : 254-256. </ref>.  

'''''Vidanga''''' (Embelia ribes): The properties are ''rasa katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is one of the important plants used for relieving worm infestation. ''Vidanga'' exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic and lipid lowering properties.

'''''Vidanga''''' (Embelia ribes): The properties are ''rasa katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is one of the important plants used for relieving worm infestation. ''Vidanga'' exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic and lipid lowering properties<ref> Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Embelia ribes on Dyslipidemia in Diabetic RatsUma Bhandari, Raman Kanojia, and K. K. Pillai Int. Jnl. Experimental Diab. Res., 3:159–162, 2002 </ref>.

    

    

'''''Agaru''''' (Aquilaria agallocha): ''Agaru'' is a tropical and sub-tropical, fragrant evergreen tree. The wood is very heavy, and sinks in water. The wood has ''tikta rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It exerts potent immunomodulator and anti inflammatory property.  

'''''Agaru''''' (Aquilaria agallocha): ''Agaru'' is a tropical and sub-tropical, fragrant evergreen tree. The wood is very heavy, and sinks in water. The wood has ''tikta rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It exerts potent immunomodulator and anti inflammatory property<ref> Anti-inflammatory effects and immunomodulatory mechanism of aquilaria agallocha Y.-c. Mao1 , h.-y. Hsu2, y.-h. Chiu2 department of laboratory medicine and biotechnology, department of life science, tzu chi university, hualien, taiwan  </ref>.  

'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity.   

'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant<ref> Ma J, Jin X, Yang L and Liu ZL. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(8):1137-1143..24 </ref>. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. <ref> Shoji N, Iwasa A, Takemoto T, Ishida Y and Ohizumi Y. Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). </ref> Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity<ref> Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S and Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 8-30-2006;89(1):85-91. </ref>.   

   

   

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charaka has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties. The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension.  

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charaka has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396  </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.  

   

   

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties.  It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicity.   

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal  Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride  </ref>.  It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.   

'''''Bruhati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Bruhati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action.  

'''''Bruhati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Bruhati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of  solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.  

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine.  

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions.  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview bhavesh vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908  </ref>.  

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema.

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of Ayurveda and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652  </ref>.

    

    

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action.   

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.   

'''''Chitraka''''' (plumbago zeylanica): has ''katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is one of the famous herbal medicine used for ''agnimandya''. It also has antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic action. Pharmacological studies carried out by researchers have indicated that plumbago zeylanica has antihyperglycemic effect on diabetes induced animals. The ethanol extract of Plumbago zeylanica root on key enzymes of glycolysis and muscle hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities were diminished in diabetic rats.   

'''''Chitraka''''' (plumbago zeylanica): has ''katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is one of the famous herbal medicine used for ''agnimandya''. It also has antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic action. Pharmacological studies carried out by researchers have indicated that plumbago zeylanica has antihyperglycemic effect on diabetes induced animals<ref> Olagunju JA et al. An Investigation into the biochemical basis of the observed hyperglycaemia in rats treated with ethanol root extract of plumbago zeylanica. 1999. 13(4):346-8 </ref>. The ethanol extract of Plumbago zeylanica root on key enzymes of glycolysis and muscle hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities were diminished in diabetic rats<ref> Kumar G, Sharmila Banu G, Maheswaran R, Rema S, Rajasekara Pandian M, Murugesan AG. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica L. on blood glucose and plasma antioxidant status in STZ diabetic rats. J Nat Remedies 2007; 7: 66-77.  </ref>.   

Hypocholesterolemic Action:  Pharmacological and Clinical studies carried out indicates that Plumbago zeylanica extract has hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. Plumbagin, an active principle isolated from plumbago zeylanica brings about a definite regression of atherosclerosis and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta. Panchcole, an Ayurvedic formulation containing plumbago zeylanica as one of its chief ingredients has been advocated to produce hypolipidaemic effect.   

Hypocholesterolemic Action:  Pharmacological and Clinical studies carried out indicates that Plumbago zeylanica extract has hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. <ref> Sharma, Nisha and Kaushik, Purshotam. Medicinal, Biological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Plumbago Zeylanica (Linn.), 2014 JPP 2014: 3(4):117-120 </ref>Plumbagin, an active principle isolated from plumbago zeylanica brings about a definite regression of atherosclerosis and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta. Panchcole, an Ayurvedic formulation containing plumbago zeylanica as one of its chief ingredients has been advocated to produce hypolipidaemic effect<ref>Ram A. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica in hyperlipidaemic rabbits and its modification by vitamin E. Indian J Pharmacol 1996; 28: 161–6.</ref>.   

'''''Ajaji''''' (Cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.)) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. In studies conducted on rats with induced diabetes, cumin reduced blood glucose levels. One mechanism for this reduction suggests the inhibition of aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. In addition, reductions in plasma and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and triglycerides (secondary to diabetes) were demonstrated in another animal study.  

'''''Ajaji''''' (Cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.)) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. In studies conducted on rats with induced diabetes, cumin reduced blood glucose levels<ref> Talpur N, Echard B, Ingram C, Bagchi D, Preuss H. Effects of a novel formulation of essential oils on glucose-insulin metabolism in diabetic and hypertensive rats: a pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2005;7(2):193-199. </ref>. One mechanism for this reduction suggests the inhibition of aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. In addition, reductions in plasma and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and triglycerides (secondary to diabetes) were demonstrated in another animal study<ref> Lee HS. Cuminaldehyde: aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor derived from Cuminum cyminum L. seeds. J Agric Food Chem . 2005;53(7):2446-2450. </ref>.  

'''''Hapusha''''' (Juniperus Communis) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. While there are not very many research papers written on the efficacy of Juniper berries and leaves as medicinal herbs, they are said to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties and are used to support healthy kidney and urinary tract function, besides promoting healthy blood pressure when taken in normal dosages .  

'''''Hapusha''''' (Juniperus Communis) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. While there are not very many research papers written on the efficacy of Juniper berries and leaves as medicinal herbs, they are said to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties and are used to support healthy kidney and urinary tract function, besides promoting healthy blood pressure when taken in normal dosages<ref> http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-724-juniper.aspx?activeingredientid=724&activeingredientname=juniper </ref> .  

   

   

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers  reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been  observed that the reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers  <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been  observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors. It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease. Researchers showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.

Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.

'''''Kharjur''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has madhura rasa, sheeta veerya and madhur vipaka. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects.  It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants.  , Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.

'''''Kharjur''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has madhura rasa, sheeta veerya and madhur vipaka. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects.  It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants.  , Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.

Mrudvika are raisins made of dried grapes. They have madhura rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin.  

Mrudvika are raisins made of dried grapes. They have madhura rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin<ref> Williamson G, Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr Res. 2010 Aug;30(8):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. </ref>.  

Dadima (Punica Granatum): It is madhura, kashaya and amla rasa with ushna veerya and madhur vipaka.  Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol.  Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells.  

Dadima (Punica Granatum): It is madhura, kashaya and amla rasa with ushna veerya and madhur vipaka.  Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol<ref> Lansky, E.; Shubert, S.; Neeman, I. Pharmacological and therapeutical properties of pomegranate. In Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Pomegranate; Megarejo, P.; Martı´nez, J. J.; </ref>.  Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells<ref>  N.D., R. Mehta, W. Yu, I. Neeman, T. Livney, A. Amichay, D.Poirier, P. Nicholls, A. Kirby, W. Jiang, R. Mansel, C.Ramachandran, T. Rabi, B. Kaplan, and E. Lansky:Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 71(3): 203-17 </ref>.  

   

   

Falasa (Grewia asiatica): has kashaya, amla, madhura rasa and laghu, veerya sheeta guna and madhura vipaka.  It is useful in madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties.  

Falasa (Grewia asiatica): has kashaya, amla, madhura rasa and laghu, veerya sheeta guna and madhura vipaka.  It is useful in madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties.