Changes

Now convention (samaya) is of three types – Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya, (ritual) and ethical (mokshashastrika). Ayurvedic samaya (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, yajnika samaya (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, mokshashastrika (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as viruddha (incongruity). Thus are the vakyadosha (syntactical defects).[54]

Now convention (samaya) is of three types – Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya, (ritual) and ethical (mokshashastrika). Ayurvedic samaya (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, yajnika samaya (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, mokshashastrika (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as viruddha (incongruity). Thus are the vakyadosha (syntactical defects).[54]

=====34.Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence):

=====34.Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence) =====

 

अथवाक्यप्रशंसा- वाक्यप्रशंसानामयथाखल्वस्मिन्नर्थेत्वन्यूनम्, अनधिकम्, अर्थवत्, अनपार्थकम्, अविरुद्धम्, अधिगतपदार्थंचेतियत्तद्वाक्यमननुयोज्यमितिप्रशस्यते||५५||  

अथवाक्यप्रशंसा- वाक्यप्रशंसानामयथाखल्वस्मिन्नर्थेत्वन्यूनम्, अनधिकम्, अर्थवत्, अनपार्थकम्, अविरुद्धम्, अधिगतपदार्थंचेतियत्तद्वाक्यमननुयोज्यमितिप्रशस्यते||५५||  

atha vākyapraśaṁsā- vākyapraśaṁsā nāma yathā khalvasminnarthē tvanyūnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapārthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadārthaṁ cēti yattadvākyamananuyōjyamiti praśasyatē||55||  

atha vākyapraśaṁsā- vākyapraśaṁsā nāma yathā khalvasminnarthē tvanyūnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapārthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadārthaṁ cēti yattadvākyamananuyōjyamiti praśasyatē||55||  

atha vAkyaprashaMsA- vAkyaprashaMsA nAma yathA khalvasminnarthe tvanyUnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapArthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadArthaM ceti yattadvAkyamananuyojyamiti prashasyate||55||

atha vAkyaprashaMsA- vAkyaprashaMsA nAma yathA khalvasminnarthe tvanyUnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapArthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadArthaM ceti yattadvAkyamananuyojyamiti prashasyate||55||

Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence) is that where the statement is free from deficiency (anyunam) and superfluity (anadhikam), is meaningful (arthavat), devoid of deprivation of meaning (anaparthaka) and incongruity (aviruddham) and comprehensible (adhigatapadartham). Further there is no room for any question. Such statement is commended. [55]   

Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence) is that where the statement is free from deficiency (anyunam) and superfluity (anadhikam), is meaningful (arthavat), devoid of deprivation of meaning (anaparthaka) and incongruity (aviruddham) and comprehensible (adhigatapadartham). Further there is no room for any question. Such statement is commended. [55]   

35. Chchala (knavery):

 

===== 35. Chchala (knavery) =====

 

अथच्छलं- छलंनामपरिशठमर्थाभासमनर्थकंवाग्वस्तुमात्रमेव| तद्द्विविधं- वाक्छलं, सामान्यच्छलंच| तत्रवाक्छलंनामयथा- कश्चिद्ब्रूयात्- नवतन्त्रोऽयंभिषगिति, अथभिषग्ब्रूयात्- नाहंनवतन्त्रएकतन्त्रोऽहमिति; परोब्रूयात्- नाहंब्रवीमिनवतन्त्राणितवेति, अपितुनवाभ्यस्तंतेतन्त्रमिति; भिषक्ब्रूयात्- नमयानवाभ्यस्तंतन्त्रम्, अनेकधाऽभ्यस्तंमयातन्त्रमिति; एतद्वाक्छलम्| सामान्यच्छलंनामयथा- व्याधिप्रशमनायौषधमित्युक्ते, परोब्रूयात्- सत्सत्प्रशमनायेतिकिंनुभवानाह; सन्हिरोगः, सदौषधं; यदिचसत्सत्प्रशमनायभवति, तत्रसत्कासः, सत्क्षयः, सत्सामान्यात्कासस्तेक्षयप्रशमनायभविष्यतीति|  

अथच्छलं- छलंनामपरिशठमर्थाभासमनर्थकंवाग्वस्तुमात्रमेव| तद्द्विविधं- वाक्छलं, सामान्यच्छलंच| तत्रवाक्छलंनामयथा- कश्चिद्ब्रूयात्- नवतन्त्रोऽयंभिषगिति, अथभिषग्ब्रूयात्- नाहंनवतन्त्रएकतन्त्रोऽहमिति; परोब्रूयात्- नाहंब्रवीमिनवतन्त्राणितवेति, अपितुनवाभ्यस्तंतेतन्त्रमिति; भिषक्ब्रूयात्- नमयानवाभ्यस्तंतन्त्रम्, अनेकधाऽभ्यस्तंमयातन्त्रमिति; एतद्वाक्छलम्| सामान्यच्छलंनामयथा- व्याधिप्रशमनायौषधमित्युक्ते, परोब्रूयात्- सत्सत्प्रशमनायेतिकिंनुभवानाह; सन्हिरोगः, सदौषधं; यदिचसत्सत्प्रशमनायभवति, तत्रसत्कासः, सत्क्षयः, सत्सामान्यात्कासस्तेक्षयप्रशमनायभविष्यतीति|  

एतत्सामान्यच्छलम्||५६||  

एतत्सामान्यच्छलम्||५६||  

atha cchalaṁ- chalaṁ nāma pariśaṭhamarthābhāsamanarthakaṁ vāgvastumātramēva| taddvividhaṁ- vākchalaṁ, sāmānyacchalaṁ ca| tatra vākchalaṁ nāma yathā- kaścidbrūyāt- navatantrō'yaṁ bhiṣagiti, atha bhiṣag brūyāt- nāhaṁ navatantra ēkatantrō'hamiti; parō brūyāt- nāhaṁ bravīmi nava tantrāṇi tavēti, api tu navābhyastaṁ tē tantramiti; bhiṣak brūyāt- na mayā navābhyastaṁ tantram, anēkadhā'bhyastaṁ mayā tantramiti; ētadvākchalam| sāmānyacchalaṁ nāma yathā- vyādhipraśamanāyauṣadhamityuktē, parō brūyāt- sat satpraśamanāyēti kiṁ nu bhavānāha; san hi rōgaḥ, sadauṣadhaṁ; yadi ca sat satpraśamanāya bhavati, tatra sat kāsaḥ, sat kṣayaḥ, satsāmānyāt kāsastē kṣayapraśamanāya bhaviṣyatīti| ētat sāmānyacchalam||56||  

atha cchalaṁ- chalaṁ nāma pariśaṭhamarthābhāsamanarthakaṁ vāgvastumātramēva| taddvividhaṁ- vākchalaṁ, sāmānyacchalaṁ ca| tatra vākchalaṁ nāma yathā- kaścidbrūyāt- navatantrō'yaṁ bhiṣagiti, atha bhiṣag brūyāt- nāhaṁ navatantra ēkatantrō'hamiti; parō brūyāt- nāhaṁ bravīmi nava tantrāṇi tavēti, api tu navābhyastaṁ tē tantramiti; bhiṣak brūyāt- na mayā navābhyastaṁ tantram, anēkadhā'bhyastaṁ mayā tantramiti; ētadvākchalam| sāmānyacchalaṁ nāma yathā- vyādhipraśamanāyauṣadhamityuktē, parō brūyāt- sat satpraśamanāyēti kiṁ nu bhavānāha; san hi rōgaḥ, sadauṣadhaṁ; yadi ca sat satpraśamanāya bhavati, tatra sat kāsaḥ, sat kṣayaḥ, satsāmānyāt kāsastē kṣayapraśamanāya bhaviṣyatīti| ētat sāmānyacchalam||56||  

atha cchalaM- chalaM nAma parishaThamarthAbhAsamanarthakaM vAgvastumAtrameva|  

atha cchalaM- chalaM nAma parishaThamarthAbhAsamanarthakaM vAgvastumAtrameva|  

taddvividhaM- vAkchalaM, sAmAnyacchalaM ca|  

taddvividhaM- vAkchalaM, sAmAnyacchalaM ca|  

Chchala is only a jugglery of words in which the words are used knavishly, with apparent meaning or without meaning. This is of two types – vakchchalam and samanyacchala.  

Chchala is only a jugglery of words in which the words are used knavishly, with apparent meaning or without meaning. This is of two types – vakchchalam and samanyacchala.  

Vakchchala (verbal knavery), such as – if somebody says – this physician is ‘navatantra’, then the physician retorts – I have not studied nine texts but only one tantra. Opponent if replies that I do not mean you have read nine tantra but you are new in this field. On this the physician says – I have not practised the text nine times but many times. This is verbal knavery.  

Vakchchala (verbal knavery), such as – if somebody says – this physician is ‘navatantra’, then the physician retorts – I have not studied nine texts but only one tantra. Opponent if replies that I do not mean you have read nine tantra but you are new in this field. On this the physician says – I have not practised the text nine times but many times. This is verbal knavery.  

Samanya chchala (knavery in general), such as – when somebody says – medicament is for alleviating the disease. The other says – how do you say the existent is for alleviating the existent because disease is existent and also the medicament, if the existent is capable of alleviating the existent, then both cough and wasting being existent, cough may be able to alleviate wasting. This is a knavery in general. [56]

Samanya chchala (knavery in general), such as – when somebody says – medicament is for alleviating the disease. The other says – how do you say the existent is for alleviating the existent because disease is existent and also the medicament, if the existent is capable of alleviating the existent, then both cough and wasting being existent, cough may be able to alleviate wasting. This is a knavery in general. [56]

36. Ahetu (fallacious reason):

 

===== 36. Ahetu (fallacious reason) =====

 

अथाहेतुः- अहेतुर्नामप्रकरणसमः, संशयसमः, वर्ण्यसमश्चेति| तत्रप्रकरणसमोनामाहेतुर्यथा- अन्यःशरीरादात्मानित्यइति; परोब्रूयात्- यस्मादन्यःशरीरादात्मा, तस्मान्नित्यः; शरीरंह्यनित्यमतोविधर्मिणाचात्मनाभवितव्यमित्येषचाहेतुः; नहियएवपक्षःसएवहेतुरिति| संशयसमोनामाहेतुर्यएवसंशयहेतुःसएवसंशयच्छेदहेतुः; यथा- अयमायुर्वेदैकदेशमाह, किन्न्वयंचिकित्सकःस्यान्नवेतिसंशयेपरोब्रूयात्- यस्मादयमायुर्वेदैकदेशमाहतस्माच्चिकित्सकोऽयमिति, नचसंशयच्छेदहेतुंविशेषयति, एषचाहेतुः; नहियएवसंशयहेतुः, सएवसंशयच्छेदहेतुर्भवति| वर्ण्यसमोनामाहेतुः- योहेतुर्वर्ण्याविशिष्टः; यथा- कश्चिद्बूयात्- अस्पर्शत्वाद्बुद्धिरनित्याशब्दवदिति; अत्रवर्ण्यःशब्दोबुद्धिरपिवर्ण्या, तदुभयवर्ण्याविशिष्टत्वाद्वर्ण्यसमोऽप्यहेतुः||५७||  

अथाहेतुः- अहेतुर्नामप्रकरणसमः, संशयसमः, वर्ण्यसमश्चेति| तत्रप्रकरणसमोनामाहेतुर्यथा- अन्यःशरीरादात्मानित्यइति; परोब्रूयात्- यस्मादन्यःशरीरादात्मा, तस्मान्नित्यः; शरीरंह्यनित्यमतोविधर्मिणाचात्मनाभवितव्यमित्येषचाहेतुः; नहियएवपक्षःसएवहेतुरिति| संशयसमोनामाहेतुर्यएवसंशयहेतुःसएवसंशयच्छेदहेतुः; यथा- अयमायुर्वेदैकदेशमाह, किन्न्वयंचिकित्सकःस्यान्नवेतिसंशयेपरोब्रूयात्- यस्मादयमायुर्वेदैकदेशमाहतस्माच्चिकित्सकोऽयमिति, नचसंशयच्छेदहेतुंविशेषयति, एषचाहेतुः; नहियएवसंशयहेतुः, सएवसंशयच्छेदहेतुर्भवति| वर्ण्यसमोनामाहेतुः- योहेतुर्वर्ण्याविशिष्टः; यथा- कश्चिद्बूयात्- अस्पर्शत्वाद्बुद्धिरनित्याशब्दवदिति; अत्रवर्ण्यःशब्दोबुद्धिरपिवर्ण्या, तदुभयवर्ण्याविशिष्टत्वाद्वर्ण्यसमोऽप्यहेतुः||५७||  

athāhētuḥ- ahēturnāmaprakaraṇasamaḥ, saṁśayasamaḥ, varṇyasamaścēti| tatra prakaraṇasamō nāmāhēturyathā- anyaḥ śarīrādātmā nitya iti; parō brūyāt- yasmādanyaḥ śarīrādātmā, tasmānnityaḥ; śarīraṁ hyanityamatō vidharmiṇā cātmanā bhavitavyamityēṣa cāhētuḥ; nahi ya ēva pakṣaḥ sa ēva hēturiti| saṁśayasamō nāmāhēturya ēva saṁśayahētuḥ sa ēva saṁśayacchēdahētuḥ; yathā- ayamāyurvēdaikadēśamāha, kinnvayaṁ cikitsakaḥ syānna vēti saṁśayē parō brūyāt- yasmādayamāyurvēdaikadēśamāha tasmāccikitsakō'yamiti, na ca saṁśayacchēdahētuṁ viśēṣayati, ēṣa cāhētuḥ; na hi ya ēva saṁśayahētuḥ, sa ēva saṁśayacchēdahēturbhavati| varṇyasamō nāmāhētuḥ- yō hēturvarṇyāviśiṣṭaḥ; yathā- kaścidbūyāt- asparśatvādbuddhiranityā śabdavaditi; atra varṇyaḥ śabdō buddhirapi varṇyā, tadubhayavarṇyāviśiṣṭatvādvarṇyasamō'pyahētuḥ||57||  

athāhētuḥ- ahēturnāmaprakaraṇasamaḥ, saṁśayasamaḥ, varṇyasamaścēti| tatra prakaraṇasamō nāmāhēturyathā- anyaḥ śarīrādātmā nitya iti; parō brūyāt- yasmādanyaḥ śarīrādātmā, tasmānnityaḥ; śarīraṁ hyanityamatō vidharmiṇā cātmanā bhavitavyamityēṣa cāhētuḥ; nahi ya ēva pakṣaḥ sa ēva hēturiti| saṁśayasamō nāmāhēturya ēva saṁśayahētuḥ sa ēva saṁśayacchēdahētuḥ; yathā- ayamāyurvēdaikadēśamāha, kinnvayaṁ cikitsakaḥ syānna vēti saṁśayē parō brūyāt- yasmādayamāyurvēdaikadēśamāha tasmāccikitsakō'yamiti, na ca saṁśayacchēdahētuṁ viśēṣayati, ēṣa cāhētuḥ; na hi ya ēva saṁśayahētuḥ, sa ēva saṁśayacchēdahēturbhavati| varṇyasamō nāmāhētuḥ- yō hēturvarṇyāviśiṣṭaḥ; yathā- kaścidbūyāt- asparśatvādbuddhiranityā śabdavaditi; atra varṇyaḥ śabdō buddhirapi varṇyā, tadubhayavarṇyāviśiṣṭatvādvarṇyasamō'pyahētuḥ||57||  

Samshayasama ahetu the reason similar to doubt is that which though being cause of doubt is used as cause of eliminating the same such as, if someone says only a part of Ayurveda, it creates doubt as to whether he is a physician or not; On this opponent says – ‘as he has said a part of Ayurveda, he is a physician.’The doubt can not be the cause of removing the same.  

Samshayasama ahetu the reason similar to doubt is that which though being cause of doubt is used as cause of eliminating the same such as, if someone says only a part of Ayurveda, it creates doubt as to whether he is a physician or not; On this opponent says – ‘as he has said a part of Ayurveda, he is a physician.’The doubt can not be the cause of removing the same.  

Varnyasam ahetu- the reason (hetu) given is similar to object and not different from the object, such as somebody says – buddhi (intellect) is non-eternal because of the absence of touch like shabda (sound). Here both buddhi (intellect) and shabda (sound)are objects; hence because of the absence of difference between them, the reason is similar to object and as such is fallacious.[57]

Varnyasam ahetu- the reason (hetu) given is similar to object and not different from the object, such as somebody says – buddhi (intellect) is non-eternal because of the absence of touch like shabda (sound). Here both buddhi (intellect) and shabda (sound)are objects; hence because of the absence of difference between them, the reason is similar to object and as such is fallacious.[57]

37. Atitakala (delayed performance):

 

===== 37. Atitakala (delayed performance) =====

 

अथातीतकालम्- अतीतकालंनामयत्पूर्वंवाच्यंतत्पश्चादुच्यते, तत्कालातीतत्वादग्राह्यंभवतीति; पूर्वंवानिग्रहप्राप्तमनिगृह्यपरिगृह्यपक्षान्तरितंपश्चान्निगृहीते, तत्तस्यातीतकालत्वान्निग्रहवचनमसमर्थंभवतीति||५८||  

अथातीतकालम्- अतीतकालंनामयत्पूर्वंवाच्यंतत्पश्चादुच्यते, तत्कालातीतत्वादग्राह्यंभवतीति; पूर्वंवानिग्रहप्राप्तमनिगृह्यपरिगृह्यपक्षान्तरितंपश्चान्निगृहीते, तत्तस्यातीतकालत्वान्निग्रहवचनमसमर्थंभवतीति||५८||  

athātītakālam- atītakālaṁ nāma yat pūrvaṁ vācyaṁ tat paścāducyatē, tat kālātītatvādagrāhyaṁ bhavatīti; pūrvaṁ  vā nigrahaprāptamanigr̥hya parigr̥hya pakṣāntaritaṁ paścānnigr̥hītē, tattasyātītakālatvānnigrahavacanamasamarthaṁ bhavatīti||58||  

athātītakālam- atītakālaṁ nāma yat pūrvaṁ vācyaṁ tat paścāducyatē, tat kālātītatvādagrāhyaṁ bhavatīti; pūrvaṁ  vā nigrahaprāptamanigr̥hya parigr̥hya pakṣāntaritaṁ paścānnigr̥hītē, tattasyātītakālatvānnigrahavacanamasamarthaṁ bhavatīti||58||  

athAtItakAlam- atItakAlaM nAma yat pUrvaM vAcyaM tat pashcAducyate, tat kAlAtItatvAdagrAhyaMbhavatIti; pUrvaM [1] vA nigrahaprAptamanigRuhya parigRuhya pakShAntaritaM pashcAnnigRuhIte,tattasyAtItakAlatvAnnigrahavacanamasamarthaM bhavatIti||58||

athAtItakAlam- atItakAlaM nAma yat pUrvaM vAcyaM tat pashcAducyate, tat kAlAtItatvAdagrAhyaMbhavatIti; pUrvaM [1] vA nigrahaprAptamanigRuhya parigRuhya pakShAntaritaM pashcAnnigRuhIte,tattasyAtItakAlatvAnnigrahavacanamasamarthaM bhavatIti||58||

Atitakala is that which actually was to be said earlier but is said later, and because of delayed presentation becomes unacceptable. For instance, if somebody does not defeat the opponent at the opportune moment but applies it on some other point later on, then, because of delayed application that becomes quite ineffective. [58]

Atitakala is that which actually was to be said earlier but is said later, and because of delayed presentation becomes unacceptable. For instance, if somebody does not defeat the opponent at the opportune moment but applies it on some other point later on, then, because of delayed application that becomes quite ineffective. [58]

38. Upalambha (pointing defects in causality):

 

===== 38. Upalambha (pointing defects in causality) =====

 

अथोपालम्भः- उपालम्भोनामहेतोर्दोषवचनं; यथा- पूर्वमहेतवोहेत्वाभासाव्याख्याताः||५९||  

अथोपालम्भः- उपालम्भोनामहेतोर्दोषवचनं; यथा- पूर्वमहेतवोहेत्वाभासाव्याख्याताः||५९||  

athōpālambhaḥ- upālambhō nāma hētōrdōṣavacanaṁ; yathā- pūrvamahētavō hētvābhāsā vyākhyātāḥ||59||  

athōpālambhaḥ- upālambhō nāma hētōrdōṣavacanaṁ; yathā- pūrvamahētavō hētvābhāsā vyākhyātāḥ||59||  

athopAlambhaH- upAlambho nAma hetordoShavacanaM; yathA- pUrvamahetavo hetvAbhAsAvyAkhyAtAH||59||

athopAlambhaH- upAlambho nAma hetordoShavacanaM; yathA- pUrvamahetavo hetvAbhAsAvyAkhyAtAH||59||

Upalambha is pointing out defects in causality as explained earlier under the heading “hetu” fallacious or apparent reason which is unable to prove the sadhya.[59]

Upalambha is pointing out defects in causality as explained earlier under the heading “hetu” fallacious or apparent reason which is unable to prove the sadhya.[59]

39. Parihara (refuting defects):

39. Parihara (refuting defects):

अथपरिहारः- परिहारोनामतस्यैवदोषवचनस्यपरिहरणं; यथा- नित्यमात्मनिशरीरस्थेजीवलिङ्गान्युपलभ्यन्ते, तस्यचापगमान्नोपलभ्यन्ते, तस्मादन्यःशरीरादात्मानित्यश्चेति||६०||  

अथपरिहारः- परिहारोनामतस्यैवदोषवचनस्यपरिहरणं; यथा- नित्यमात्मनिशरीरस्थेजीवलिङ्गान्युपलभ्यन्ते, तस्यचापगमान्नोपलभ्यन्ते, तस्मादन्यःशरीरादात्मानित्यश्चेति||६०||