Changes

Uttara – Uttara is the statement made in opposition (heterogenous) to the homologous nature shown between hetu and karya and vice versa. For instance , if somebody says – disorders are similar to cause, as ‘shitaka’disease has similar causes like exposure to snow and cold wave, the opponent may say – disorders are dissimilar to cause as burning sensation,heat, sloughing and suppuration of body parts are caused by cold wave which is dissimilar. This is uttara (rejoinder) with contrary statements.[36]

Uttara – Uttara is the statement made in opposition (heterogenous) to the homologous nature shown between hetu and karya and vice versa. For instance , if somebody says – disorders are similar to cause, as ‘shitaka’disease has similar causes like exposure to snow and cold wave, the opponent may say – disorders are dissimilar to cause as burning sensation,heat, sloughing and suppuration of body parts are caused by cold wave which is dissimilar. This is uttara (rejoinder) with contrary statements.[36]

16. Siddhanta (theory/doctrine):

===== 16. Siddhanta (theory/doctrine) =====

 

अथसिद्धान्तः- सिद्धान्तोनामसयःपरीक्षकैर्बहुविधंपरीक्ष्यहेतुभिश्चसाधयित्वास्थाप्यतेनिर्णयः| सचतुर्विधः- सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः, प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः, अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः, अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तश्चेति| तत्रसर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तोनामतस्मिंस्तस्मिन्सर्वस्मिंस्तन्त्रेतत्तत्प्रसिद्धं; यथासन्तिनिदानानि, सन्तिव्याधयः, सन्तिसिद्ध्युपायाःसाध्यानामिति| प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तोनामतस्मिंस्तस्मिन्नेकैकस्मिंस्तन्त्रेतत्तत्प्रसिद्धं; यथा- अन्यत्राष्टौरसाःषडत्र, पञ्चेन्द्रियाण्यत्रषडिन्द्रियाण्यन्यत्रतन्त्रे, वातादिकृताःसर्वेविकारायथाऽन्यत्र, अत्रवातादिकृताभूतकृताश्चप्रसिद्धाः| अधिकरणसिद्धान्तोनामसयस्मिन्नधिकरणेप्रस्तूयमानेसिद्धान्यन्यान्यप्यधिकरणानिभवन्ति, यथा- ‘नमुक्तःकर्मानुबन्धिकंकुरुते, निस्पृहत्वात्इतिप्रस्तुतेसिद्धाःकर्मफल-मोक्ष-पुरुष-प्रेत्यभावाभवन्ति| अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तोनामसयमर्थमसिद्धमपरीक्षितमनुपदिष्टमहेतुकंवावादकालेऽभ्युपगच्छन्तिभिषजः; तद्यथा- द्रव्यंप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, गुणाःप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, वीर्यंप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, इत्येवमादिः| इतिचतुर्विधःसिद्धान्तः||३७||  

अथसिद्धान्तः- सिद्धान्तोनामसयःपरीक्षकैर्बहुविधंपरीक्ष्यहेतुभिश्चसाधयित्वास्थाप्यतेनिर्णयः| सचतुर्विधः- सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः, प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः, अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः, अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तश्चेति| तत्रसर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तोनामतस्मिंस्तस्मिन्सर्वस्मिंस्तन्त्रेतत्तत्प्रसिद्धं; यथासन्तिनिदानानि, सन्तिव्याधयः, सन्तिसिद्ध्युपायाःसाध्यानामिति| प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तोनामतस्मिंस्तस्मिन्नेकैकस्मिंस्तन्त्रेतत्तत्प्रसिद्धं; यथा- अन्यत्राष्टौरसाःषडत्र, पञ्चेन्द्रियाण्यत्रषडिन्द्रियाण्यन्यत्रतन्त्रे, वातादिकृताःसर्वेविकारायथाऽन्यत्र, अत्रवातादिकृताभूतकृताश्चप्रसिद्धाः| अधिकरणसिद्धान्तोनामसयस्मिन्नधिकरणेप्रस्तूयमानेसिद्धान्यन्यान्यप्यधिकरणानिभवन्ति, यथा- ‘नमुक्तःकर्मानुबन्धिकंकुरुते, निस्पृहत्वात्इतिप्रस्तुतेसिद्धाःकर्मफल-मोक्ष-पुरुष-प्रेत्यभावाभवन्ति| अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तोनामसयमर्थमसिद्धमपरीक्षितमनुपदिष्टमहेतुकंवावादकालेऽभ्युपगच्छन्तिभिषजः; तद्यथा- द्रव्यंप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, गुणाःप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, वीर्यंप्रधानमितिकृत्वावक्ष्यामः, इत्येवमादिः| इतिचतुर्विधःसिद्धान्तः||३७||  

atha siddhāntaḥ- siddhāntō nāma sa yaḥ parīkṣakairbahuvidhaṁ parīkṣya hētubhiśca sādhayitvā sthāpyatē nirṇayaḥ| sa caturvidhaḥ- sarvatantrasiddhāntaḥ, pratitantrasiddhāntaḥ, adhikaraṇasiddhāntaḥ, abhyupagamasiddhāntaścēti| tatra sarvatantrasiddhāntō nāma tasmiṁstasmin sarvasmiṁstantrē tattat prasiddhaṁ; yathā santi nidānāni, santi vyādhayaḥ, santi siddhyupāyāḥ sādhyānāmiti| pratitantrasiddhāntō nāma tasmiṁstasminnēkaikasmiṁstantrē tattat prasiddhaṁ; yathā- anyatrāṣṭau rasāḥ ṣaḍatra, pañcēndriyāṇyatra ṣaḍindriyāṇyanyatra tantrē, vātādikr̥tāḥ sarvē vikārā yathā'nyatra, atra vātādikr̥tā bhūtakr̥tāśca prasiddhāḥ| adhikaraṇasiddhāntō nāma sa yasminnadhikaraṇē prastūyamānē siddhānyanyānyapyadhikaraṇāni bhavanti, yathā- ‘na muktaḥ karmānubandhikaṁ kurutē, nispr̥hatvāt iti prastutē siddhāḥ karmaphala-mōkṣa-puruṣa-prētyabhāvā bhavanti| abhyupagamasiddhāntō nāma sa yamarthamasiddhamaparīkṣitamanupadiṣṭamahētukaṁ vā vādakālē'bhyupagacchanti bhiṣajaḥ; tadyathā- dravyaṁ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, guṇāḥ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, vīryaṁ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, ityēvamādiḥ| iti caturvidhaḥ siddhāntaḥ||37||  

atha siddhāntaḥ- siddhāntō nāma sa yaḥ parīkṣakairbahuvidhaṁ parīkṣya hētubhiśca sādhayitvā sthāpyatē nirṇayaḥ| sa caturvidhaḥ- sarvatantrasiddhāntaḥ, pratitantrasiddhāntaḥ, adhikaraṇasiddhāntaḥ, abhyupagamasiddhāntaścēti| tatra sarvatantrasiddhāntō nāma tasmiṁstasmin sarvasmiṁstantrē tattat prasiddhaṁ; yathā santi nidānāni, santi vyādhayaḥ, santi siddhyupāyāḥ sādhyānāmiti| pratitantrasiddhāntō nāma tasmiṁstasminnēkaikasmiṁstantrē tattat prasiddhaṁ; yathā- anyatrāṣṭau rasāḥ ṣaḍatra, pañcēndriyāṇyatra ṣaḍindriyāṇyanyatra tantrē, vātādikr̥tāḥ sarvē vikārā yathā'nyatra, atra vātādikr̥tā bhūtakr̥tāśca prasiddhāḥ| adhikaraṇasiddhāntō nāma sa yasminnadhikaraṇē prastūyamānē siddhānyanyānyapyadhikaraṇāni bhavanti, yathā- ‘na muktaḥ karmānubandhikaṁ kurutē, nispr̥hatvāt iti prastutē siddhāḥ karmaphala-mōkṣa-puruṣa-prētyabhāvā bhavanti| abhyupagamasiddhāntō nāma sa yamarthamasiddhamaparīkṣitamanupadiṣṭamahētukaṁ vā vādakālē'bhyupagacchanti bhiṣajaḥ; tadyathā- dravyaṁ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, guṇāḥ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, vīryaṁ pradhānamiti kr̥tvā vakṣyāmaḥ, ityēvamādiḥ| iti caturvidhaḥ siddhāntaḥ||37||  

atha siddhAntaH- siddhAnto nAma sa yaH parIkShakairbahuvidhaM parIkShya hetubhishca sAdhayitvAsthApyate nirNayaH|  

atha siddhAntaH- siddhAnto nAma sa yaH parIkShakairbahuvidhaM parIkShya hetubhishca sAdhayitvAsthApyate nirNayaH|  

sa caturvidhaH- sarvatantrasiddhAntaH, pratitantrasiddhAntaH, adhikaraNasiddhAntaH,abhyupagamasiddhAntashceti|  

sa caturvidhaH- sarvatantrasiddhAntaH, pratitantrasiddhAntaH, adhikaraNasiddhAntaH,abhyupagamasiddhAntashceti|  

abhyupagamasiddhAnto nAma sa yamarthamasiddhamaparIkShitamanupadiShTamahetukaM vAvAdakAle~abhyupagacchanti bhiShajaH; tadyathA- dravyaM pradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, guNAHpradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, vIryaM [1] pradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, ityevamAdiH|  

abhyupagamasiddhAnto nAma sa yamarthamasiddhamaparIkShitamanupadiShTamahetukaM vAvAdakAle~abhyupagacchanti bhiShajaH; tadyathA- dravyaM pradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, guNAHpradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, vIryaM [1] pradhAnamiti kRutvA vakShyAmaH, ityevamAdiH|  

iti caturvidhaH siddhAntaH||37||  

iti caturvidhaH siddhAntaH||37||  

Siddhanta is the conclusion established by scientists/investigators after testing in several ways and on proving it with reasoning. It is of four types – sarvatantra siddhanta, pratitantra siddhanta, adhikaraṇa siddhanta, abhyupagama siddhanta.  

Siddhanta is the conclusion established by scientists/investigators after testing in several ways and on proving it with reasoning. It is of four types – sarvatantra siddhanta, pratitantra siddhanta, adhikaraṇa siddhanta, abhyupagama siddhanta.  

Sarvatantra siddhanta is that which is accepted universally by all the treatises such as – there are causes, there are diseases and there are remedies for the curable disorders.  

Sarvatantra siddhanta is that which is accepted universally by all the treatises such as – there are causes, there are diseases and there are remedies for the curable disorders.  

Abhyupagama siddhanta is that which is held up by physicians temporarily and hypothetically during debate though the idea is unproved, untested, uninstructed and irrational such as – proposing that dravya is predominant or guna or properties are predominant or virya is predominant.  

Abhyupagama siddhanta is that which is held up by physicians temporarily and hypothetically during debate though the idea is unproved, untested, uninstructed and irrational such as – proposing that dravya is predominant or guna or properties are predominant or virya is predominant.  

These are four types of doctrines. [37]

These are four types of doctrines. [37]

17. Shabda (word/correct expression):

 

===== 17. Shabda (word/correct expression) =====

 

अथशब्दः- शब्दोनामवर्णसमाम्नायः; सचतुर्विधः- दृष्टार्थश्च, अदृष्टार्थश्च, सत्यश्च, अनृतश्चेति| तत्रदृष्टार्थोनाम- त्रिभिर्हेतुभिर्दोषाःप्रकुप्यन्ति, षड्भिरुपक्रमैश्चप्रशाम्यन्ति, सतिश्रोत्रादिसद्भावेशब्दादिग्रहणमिति| अदृष्टार्थःपुनः- अस्तिप्रेत्यभावः, अस्तिमोक्षइति| सत्योनाम- यथार्थभूतः; सन्त्यायुर्वेदोपदेशाः, सन्तिसिद्ध्युपायाःसाध्यानांव्याधीनां, सन्त्यारम्भफलानीति| सत्यविपर्ययश्चानृतः||३८||  

अथशब्दः- शब्दोनामवर्णसमाम्नायः; सचतुर्विधः- दृष्टार्थश्च, अदृष्टार्थश्च, सत्यश्च, अनृतश्चेति| तत्रदृष्टार्थोनाम- त्रिभिर्हेतुभिर्दोषाःप्रकुप्यन्ति, षड्भिरुपक्रमैश्चप्रशाम्यन्ति, सतिश्रोत्रादिसद्भावेशब्दादिग्रहणमिति| अदृष्टार्थःपुनः- अस्तिप्रेत्यभावः, अस्तिमोक्षइति| सत्योनाम- यथार्थभूतः; सन्त्यायुर्वेदोपदेशाः, सन्तिसिद्ध्युपायाःसाध्यानांव्याधीनां, सन्त्यारम्भफलानीति| सत्यविपर्ययश्चानृतः||३८||  

śabdaḥ- śabdō nāma varṇasamāmnāyaḥ; sa caturvidhaḥ- dr̥ṣṭārthaśca, adr̥ṣṭārthaśca, satyaśca, anr̥taścēti| tatra dr̥ṣṭārthō nāma- tribhirhētubhirdōṣāḥ prakupyanti, ṣaḍbhirupakramaiśca praśāmyanti, sati śrōtrādisadbhāvē śabdādigrahaṇamiti| adr̥ṣṭārthaḥ punaḥ- asti prētyabhāvaḥ, asti mōkṣa iti| satyō nāma- yathārthabhūtaḥ; santyāyurvēdōpadēśāḥ, santi siddhyupāyāḥ sādhyānāṁ vyādhīnāṁ, santyārambhaphalānīti| satyaviparyayaścānr̥taḥ||38||  

śabdaḥ- śabdō nāma varṇasamāmnāyaḥ; sa caturvidhaḥ- dr̥ṣṭārthaśca, adr̥ṣṭārthaśca, satyaśca, anr̥taścēti| tatra dr̥ṣṭārthō nāma- tribhirhētubhirdōṣāḥ prakupyanti, ṣaḍbhirupakramaiśca praśāmyanti, sati śrōtrādisadbhāvē śabdādigrahaṇamiti| adr̥ṣṭārthaḥ punaḥ- asti prētyabhāvaḥ, asti mōkṣa iti| satyō nāma- yathārthabhūtaḥ; santyāyurvēdōpadēśāḥ, santi siddhyupāyāḥ sādhyānāṁ vyādhīnāṁ, santyārambhaphalānīti| satyaviparyayaścānr̥taḥ||38||  

atha shabdaH- shabdo nAma varNasamAmnAyaH; sa caturvidhaH- dRuShTArthashca, adRuShTArthashca,satyashca, anRutashceti|  

atha shabdaH- shabdo nAma varNasamAmnAyaH; sa caturvidhaH- dRuShTArthashca, adRuShTArthashca,satyashca, anRutashceti|  

tatra dRuShTArtho nAma- tribhirhetubhirdoShAH prakupyanti, ShaDbhirupakramaishca prashAmyanti, satishrotrAdisadbhAve shabdAdigrahaNamiti|  

tatra dRuShTArtho nAma- tribhirhetubhirdoShAH prakupyanti, ShaDbhirupakramaishca prashAmyanti, satishrotrAdisadbhAve shabdAdigrahaNamiti|  

satyo nAma- yathArthabhUtaH; santyAyurvedopadeshAH, santi siddhyupAyAH sAdhyAnAM vyAdhInAM,santyArambhaphalAnIti|  

satyo nAma- yathArthabhUtaH; santyAyurvedopadeshAH, santi siddhyupAyAH sAdhyAnAM vyAdhInAM,santyArambhaphalAnIti|  

satyaviparyayashcAnRutaH||38||  

satyaviparyayashcAnRutaH||38||  

Shabda is an aggregate of letters. This is of four types – drushtartha, adrushtartha, satya, and anruta.  

Shabda is an aggregate of letters. This is of four types – drushtartha, adrushtartha, satya, and anruta.  

Drushtartha is that which connotes observable meanings; such as dosha are aggravated by three etiological factors; they are pacified by six therapeutic measures; the sense objects are perceived through the sense organs.  

Drushtartha is that which connotes observable meanings; such as dosha are aggravated by three etiological factors; they are pacified by six therapeutic measures; the sense objects are perceived through the sense organs.  

Satya is that which is consistent to the facts, such as these are instructions of Ayurveda; these are the remedial measures for the curable diseases and there exist a result of every action.  

Satya is that which is consistent to the facts, such as these are instructions of Ayurveda; these are the remedial measures for the curable diseases and there exist a result of every action.  

Anruta is contrary to satya (that which is not consistent with facts).[38]  

Anruta is contrary to satya (that which is not consistent with facts).[38]  

18. Pratyaksha (direct perception):   

 

=====18. Pratyaksha (direct perception):   

अथप्रत्यक्षं- प्रत्यक्षंनामतद्यदात्मनाचेन्द्रियैश्चस्वयमुपलभ्यते; तत्रात्मप्रत्यक्षाःसुखदुःखेच्छाद्वेषादयः, शब्दादयस्त्विन्द्रियप्रत्यक्षाः||३९||  

अथप्रत्यक्षं- प्रत्यक्षंनामतद्यदात्मनाचेन्द्रियैश्चस्वयमुपलभ्यते; तत्रात्मप्रत्यक्षाःसुखदुःखेच्छाद्वेषादयः, शब्दादयस्त्विन्द्रियप्रत्यक्षाः||३९||  

atha pratyakṣaṁ- pratyakṣaṁ nāma tadyadātmanā cēndriyaiśca svayamupalabhyatē; tatrātmapratyakṣāḥ sukhaduḥkhēcchādvēṣādayaḥ, śabdādayastvindriyapratyakṣāḥ||39||  

atha pratyakṣaṁ- pratyakṣaṁ nāma tadyadātmanā cēndriyaiśca svayamupalabhyatē; tatrātmapratyakṣāḥ sukhaduḥkhēcchādvēṣādayaḥ, śabdādayastvindriyapratyakṣāḥ||39||