Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya

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Nitya means regulary or daily. Sevaniya means consumable. This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in ayurveda and their contemporary aspects.

Need of concept of ‘Nitya sevaniya’ (daily consumable) food:

Nutrition is a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from a very early age of life for growth, development, and active life. Nutrition is the science that deals with all the factors of which food is composed and how proper nourishment is brought about. Due to a lack of time and awareness, junk food intake has been increasing. ‘Junk foods' are foods that lack nutrients like vitamins and minerals and are high in calories, salts, sugars, and fats.[1] Junk food is so-called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it's eaten excessively or frequently. An unhealthy diet is one of the leading risks for the global disease burden, mainly for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.[2] So, there is a need to elaborate on the concept of daily consumable and non-consumable food items.

Contributors
Section/Chapter/topic Concepts & Contemporary practices/Nitya sevaniya and asevaniya dravya
Author Deshmukh Saylee1
Editor Deole Y.S.3
Affiliations 1 RRAP Central Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Worli, Mumbai, India
2 Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
3 Department of Kayachikitsa, G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Correspondence emails dsaylee@ymail.com,
carakasamhita@gmail.com
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre, I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
Date of publication: September 27, 2023
DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.153

Etymology and meaning

Wholesome called “Pathya” in Ayurveda is the regimen that does not adversely affect the body channels i.e., Patha/Srotasa. The word “Nitya” means constantly/continuously. Criteria for the classification of food items have not been clearly mentioned in the texts of Ayurveda but in context of vitiation of body channels (srotodushti), Acharya Charaka has stated that food and regimens that promote the morbidity by aggravation of doshas and go contrary to the well-being of dhatu vitiates the channels. With the help of this quotation, it can be said that the food that leads to vitiation of body channels by vitiation of dosha and dhatu can be considered as daily non-consumable (nitya asevaniya). On the contrary, it can be said that a diet that does not lead to any srotodushti by vitiation of any dosha and dhatu can be said as daily consumable (nitya sevaniya), maintaining equilibrium of all the dosha.
Daily consumable and daily non-consumable food items have been quoted in ‘Matrashitiya Adhyaya’ of Charaksamhita and Ashtangahrudaya, ‘Annapanavidhi adhyaya’ of Ashtanga Samgraha and Viharavarga of Kaiyyadevanighantu. In a similar context, Ekanta hitakara (solely wholesome) and Ekanta ahitakara (solely unwholesome) food etc. have also been described at various places in the texts of Ayurveda. Nitya sevaniya and Ekanta hitakara dravya have been stated for daily intake for maintenance of health because of their specific properties described in the texts of Ayurveda, while Nitya asevaniya and Ekanta ahitakara dravya are prohibited for regular/long time use because of their harmful effects on body.

Daily consumable food items

List of daily consumable food items described in Charak Samhita, Ashtanga hridaya, Ashtanga samgraha and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu is as follows:

Some food items have been uniquely mentioned like:
  • Indian gooseberry- Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Amalaki)
  • Cow’s milk (Godugdha)
  • Cow’s ghee (Goghrita)
  • Meat of animal in arid climate (Jangala mamsa)
  • Honey (Madhu)
  • Rainwater (Antariksha jala)
  • Green gram- Vigna radiata L. (Mudga)
  • Rock salt- Sodii chloridum (Saindhava)
  • Rice- Oryza sativum L. (Shashtika Shali)
  • Barley- Hordeum vulgare L. (Yava)
 Ch.Su.5/12
A.Sa.Su.10/45,
A.Hr.Su.8/42,
Kai.Ni.7/277
  • Unripen radish-Raphanus sativus L. (Bala mulaka)
  • Pomegranate-Punica granatum L. (Dadima)
  • Wheat- Triticum aestivum L. (Godhuma)
  • Cork swallow wort- Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes (Jivanti)
  • Dried grapes-Vitis vinifera L. (Mridvika)
  • Chebulic myrobalan- Terminalia chebula Retz. (Pathyaa/Haritaki)
  • Pointed gourd- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Patola)
  • Rock sugar (Sharkara)
 A.Sa.Su.10/45,
A.Hr.Su.8/42,
Kai.Ni.7/277
  • Clover fern plant- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. (Sunishannaka)
  • White goosefoot/ pigweed- Chenopodium album L. (Vastuka)
 A.Sa.Su.10/45,
A.Hr.Su.8/42,

Properties of daily consumable food items from different classics and contemporary sciences are summarized in Table-2.

SN Items Taste Post digestive effect Potency

Prop

erties

Effect on Dosha

Pharmacological properties

References
1.        Indian gooseberry sour, sweet, bitter, astringent, pungent Sweet cold dry alleviates all the 3 Dosha antioxidant, immuno-modulatory, hepato-protective ,  cyto-protective 9,10,11,12
2.        Rainwater Unmanifested - cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha, purifies blood -
3.        Pomegranate Sour, astringent, sweet sweet cold - alleviates Vata, does not vitiate Kapha & Pitta antioxidant, skin protecting activity against AGEs and UV-A, hepatoprotective, immune-modulatory, cytoprotective, embryo-protective. 13,14,15,16,17
4.        Cow’s milk sweet Sweet cold - alleviates Vata & Pitta anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, gut protective 18,19
5.        Cow’s ghee sweet Sweet cold - alleviates Vata & Pitta antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties, gastroprotective and adaptogenic, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. 20,21,22,23
6.        Wheat sweet Sweet cold Heavy, unctuous   alleviates Vata & Pitta anti- oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, neuro-protective, anti-microbial activity, protective to the skin and gastric, intestinal mucosa. 25,26,27,28,29,30,31
7.        Meat of arid animal astringent, sweet - cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha, at some extent causing fluid secretion -
8.        Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes sweet Sweet cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha antioxidant, free radical scavenging property, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory     32,33,34,35,36
9.        Honey astringent, sweet Pungent cold - alleviates Kapha & Pitta, partially vitiates Vata  hepatoprotective, cardio- protective, cyto-protective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. 37,38,39,40
10.     Dry grapes sweet Sweet cold - alleviates Vata & Pitta antioxidant, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory, Vaso protective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, gastroprotective and nephroprotective properties. 41,42,43,44,45,46, 47,48
11.     Green gram astringent, sweet Pungent cold Laghu, Vishada alleviates Kapha & Pitta, partially vitiates Vata  anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial 49,50,51,52,53
12.     Unripen radish pungent, bitter - hot - alleviates all the 3 Dosha - -
13.     Chebulic myrobalan Astringent, pungent, bitter, Madhura sweet, sour sweet hot - alleviates all the 3 Dosha antioxidant and anti-microbial, anti-aging, cardio-protective, hepato-protective activities 54,55,56,57
14.     Pointed gourd bitter, pungent Sweet hot - alleviates all the 3 Dosha antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, cytotoxic, arsenic poisoning ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal 58
15.     Rock salt salty, sweet Sweet cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha - -
16.     Red rice sweet, astringent Sweet cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha antioxidant, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective. 59,60,61,62
17.     Rock sugar sweet Sweet cold - alleviates Pitta - -
18.     Clover fern sweet, astringent - cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic activity, anti-venom activity, hypo glycemic activity and anti-bacterial activity 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70
19.     White goosefoot/ pigweed sweet Pungent cold - alleviates all the 3 Dosha anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial , 71,72,73,74
20.     Hordeum vulgare L. sweet, astringent Pungent cold - alleviates Kapha & Pitta anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory 75,76





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References

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