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== Contemporary approach ==
== Contemporary approach ==
=== Anatomical aspects in contemporary science: ===
=== Anatomical aspects in contemporary science: ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">The heart is a muscular organ in the centre of the chest behind the sternum. It consists of four chambers: the two upper chambers are called the right and left atria, and the two lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles. The right atrium and ventricle are often called the right heart, and the left atrium and left ventricle functionally form the left heart.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The heart is a muscular organ in the centre of the chest behind the sternum. It consists of four chambers: the two upper chambers are called the right and left atria, and the two lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles. The right atrium and ventricle are often called the right heart, and the left atrium and left ventricle functionally form the left heart.<ref name="ref4">Rehman, I., & Rehman, A., authors. Anatomy, Thorax, Heart. National library of medicine. [updated August 28,2023; cited 2024 March 22] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470256/</ref></p>
[[File:Diagram of the human heart.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Diagram of the human heart.jpg|thumb]]
=== Physiological aspects in contemporary science: ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">The heart, a vital muscular organ, pumps blood throughout the body. It functions via an electrical conduction system coordinated by the sinoatrial node (SA node), which initiates the heartbeat. The atrioventricular node (AV node) controls the signal's passage to the ventricles. Cardiac muscles contract synchronously, propelling blood through the circulatory system.<ref name="ref5">Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons; 2017.</ref> Governed by pacemaker cells, the heart's rhythmic contractions propel oxygenated blood to the body and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart, asymmetrically positioned on the left, beats at about 72 beats per minute at rest.<ref name="ref6">Hall, John. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2011.</ref></p>
=== Psychology and heart ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">Research in psychophysiology has shown connections between the heart and the brain through the autonomic nervous system, particularly the vagus nerve, which plays a crucial role in regulating emotions and social engagement. The vagus nerve influences both heart rate variability and emotional regulation. This theory highlights the intricate connection between physiological processes, emotions, and social behavior. Moreover, advancements in neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), have allowed researchers to investigate the neural correlates of emotion and the role of the heart-brain connection in emotional processing.<ref name="ref7">Porges, S. W. The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology; 2007.</ref></p>
== Conclusion ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Ayurvedic understanding of the hridaya, encompassing its structure, origin, and significance, reflects a holistic approach to health. Rooted in ancient wisdom, ayurveda recognizes the heart as more than a mere organ but as a dynamic force integral to physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The term "Hridaya" transcends its anatomical confines to symbolize the centre of consciousness and vitality. Emphasizing the role in regulating physiological processes and governing the body, mind, and senses, ayurveda underscores the importance of maintaining the hridaya's health for overall wellness. Furthermore, exploring the diverse contexts in which the hridaya is referenced reveals its multifaceted significance in ayurvedic philosophy. As contemporary science continues to uncover the complexities of heart-brain interactions, Ayurveda's holistic perspective on the hridaya offers valuable insights into the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit for optimal health and vitality.</p>
== Research works ==
# M P Mithra. Ayurvedic approach to treat Hridroga (valvular heart disease): A case report; J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020 Jan-Mar;11(1):78-81.
# Thakar V. J. (1983). Heart - its structure metabolism and cardiac tonics - as described in ayurveda. Ancient science of life, 2(4), 181–186.
# Indu S et al. A Review on the concept of Hridaya in Ayurveda: Looking beyond Cardio tonics. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2021;12(3):88-94.
# Ram Manohar, P., Sorokin, O., Chacko, J., & Nampoothiri, V. (2018). An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 9(2), 126–130.
# Rani, R., Rengarajan, P., Sethi, T., Khuntia, B. K., Kumar, A., Punera, D. S., Singh, D., Girase, B., Shrivastava, A., Juvekar, S. K., Pesala, B., Mukerji, M., Deepak, K. K., & Prasher, B. (2022). Heart rate variability during head-up tilt shows inter-individual differences among healthy individuals of extreme Prakriti types. Physiological reports, 10(17), e15435.
=== Insight from these research works: ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">In a case report treatment of valvular heart disease was done through ayuvedic interventions. The concept of ojas, avalambak kapha and Sadhak pitta gives special indication about the metabolism of the heart and modern experimental approach of the neurohumoral chemical and electrical turnover in the heart tissue during its arduous work. While portraying the concept Hridya, the motor, sensory and psychological components should be considered. One of the studies on Heart rate variability emphasizes the critical role of Prakriti-based phenotyping in stratifying the differential responses of cardiac autonomic modulation in various postures among healthy individuals across different populations. </p>
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