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==Derivation of pramana==
The word ‘praman’ is derived from Sanskrit verb ‘ma’ with prefix ‘pra’ where ‘ma’ dhatu means ‘to measure’
The word ‘praman’ is derived from Sanskrit verb ‘ma’ with prefix ‘pra’ where ‘ma’ dhatu means ‘to measure’<ref>Dev R.R.K., editor, (1st ed.). Shabdakalpadrum, Kand 3. Delhi: Amar Publications, 2018; 284.</ref>
==Derivation of pariksha==
The word ‘pariksha’ is derived by combining two words. ‘Pari’ means ‘around’ and ‘Iksh’ menas ‘to see’.[ii] Thus pariksha means to look around or to do research. Hence ‘pramanatah pariksha’ means research or examination by measurements.
The word ‘pariksha’ is derived by combining two words. ‘Pari’ means ‘around’ and ‘Iksh’ menas ‘to see’.<ref>Dev R.R.K., editor, (1st ed.). Shabdakalpadrum, Kand 3. Delhi: Amar Publications, 2018; 67.</ref> Thus pariksha means to look around or to do research. Hence ‘pramanatah pariksha’ means research or examination by measurements.
==Synonyms==
'<nowiki/>''Praman and pariksha'''[iii]'<nowiki/>'''''
'''Praman and pariksha''<ref>Gangadhar Commentary on Charak Samhita Sutrasthana, Taistraishaniya Adhyaya, 11/17, reprinted 2020, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, page no 70.</ref>
1. Examination or assessment tools (pariksha)
1. Examination or assessment tools (pariksha)
Pramana are described under the heading of vaada-marga. (methods of discussion). [Charak Samhita [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/ 27]. The vaada-marga are different tools or methods to establish the related facts and phenomena.
Pramana are described under the heading of vaada-marga. (methods of discussion). [Charak Samhita [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/ 27]. The vaada-marga are different tools or methods to establish the related facts and phenomena.
==Pramana in the context of ten fold assessment of patient (dashavidha pariksha):==
The word pramana is applied to denote assessment or measurement.
The word pramana is applied to denote assessment or measurement.
These constitute an examination of a person to assess normal or abnormal body constitution called ‘pramanatah pariksha’. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/ 94]
These constitute an examination of a person to assess normal or abnormal body constitution called ‘pramanatah pariksha’. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/ 94]
==Types==
1. Anguli pramana (measurements by fingers)
1. Anguli pramana (measurements by fingers)
2. Anjali Pramana (measurements by cup hallow formed by joining palms together)
2. Anjali Pramana (measurements by cup hallow formed by joining palms together)
==Assessment criteria==
===1. Anguli pramana===
The anguli pramana of body, body parts or organs mentioned by Ayurveda scholars are as follows:
The anguli pramana of body, body parts or organs mentioned by Ayurveda scholars are as follows:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between elbow and tip of middle finger
|Distance between elbow and tip of
middle finger
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|24
|24
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between root of thumb and index finger
|Distance between root of thumb
and index finger
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|5
|5
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between ear and outer corner of eyes
|Distance between ear and outer
corner of eyes
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|5
|5
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between margin of hairs (above temples) and middle of skull
|Distance between margin of hairs
(above temples) and middle of skull
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|11
|11
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between margin of hairs at back of neck and middle of skull
|Distance between margin of hairs
at back of neck and middle of skull
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|10
|10
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Distance between two ears through back of neck
|Distance between two ears
through back of neck
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|14
|14
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
|Entire body (from feet to tip of middle finger when a person stands straight with his hands raised upwards)
|Entire body (from feet to tip of middle
finger when a person stands straight
with his hands raised upwards)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Third, fourth and little toe are successively one-fifth shorter than the previous toe.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Third, fourth and little toe are successively one-fifth shorter than the previous toe.
**Length of cornea= 1/3<sup>rd</sup> length of middle portion of eye
Length of pupil=1/9<sup>th</sup> length of cornea
Length of pupil=1/9<sup>th</sup> length of cornea
Ø Certain differences are observed in the measurements of a human body via anguli pramana. The measurements described by the two Ayurveda scholars are the approximations of body parts of an ideal person. But criteria of idealness vary from person to person. For a person who is native of plains, a long height may be an ideal height. While for a person who is native of hilly areas, shorter height may be the ideal height. This difference in opinion may be the reason of variation in anguli pramana of Charak and Sushrut.
Ø Certain differences are observed in the measurements of a human body via anguli pramana. The measurements described by the two Ayurveda scholars are the approximations of body parts of an ideal person. But criteria of idealness vary from person to person. For a person who is native of plains, a long height may be an ideal height. While for a person who is native of hilly areas, shorter height may be the ideal height. This difference in opinion may be the reason of variation in anguli pramana of Charak and Sushrut.
Ø Dimensional analysis of the oldest engineered caves at the Barabar and Nagarjuni hills (dated to the Mauryan Period) has revealed that the basic length measure of one angula of that period was 1.763 cm.[iv] Although recent studies suggest that the breadth of finger can be approximated as 3⁄4<sup>th</sup> of an inch or 1⁄16<sup>th</sup> of a foot.[v] [vi]
Ø Dimensional analysis of the oldest engineered caves at the Barabar and Nagarjuni hills (dated to the Mauryan Period) has revealed that the basic length measure of one angula of that period was 1.763 cm.<ref>Balasubramanian, R. (10 September 2009). "New Insights on metrology during Maurya period". ''Current Science''. '''97'''</ref> Although recent studies suggest that the breadth of finger can be approximated as 3⁄4<sup>th</sup> of an inch or 1⁄16<sup>th</sup> of a foot.<ref>Noah Webster; John Walker (1830). ''American dictionary of the English language''. digit: Converse. p. 247.</ref><ref>Ronald Edward Zupko (1985). ''A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles: the Middle Ages to the twentieth century''. American Philosophical Society. pp. 109–10. ISBN 978-0-87169-168-2</ref>
===2. Anjali pramana===
Ayurveda scholars described the volume of certain body components in anjali pramana. The quantities mentioned are their maximum normal quantity. A study conducted in India found that the measure of one anjali for a woman is approximately 100 ml & for a man is approximately 135 ml.<ref>Gadgil, Neha & Kulkarni, Akshar. (2019). An observational study to quantify the measure of Anjali Pramana -A pilot study. 1 Neha Dattatraya Gadgil, and.</ref>
Ayurveda scholars described the volume of certain body components in anjali pramana. The quantities mentioned are their maximum normal quantity. A study conducted in India found that the measure of one anjali for a woman is approximately 100 ml & for a man is approximately 135 ml.[vii]
'''Table 3: Measurements of body components in swa-anjali pramana''' [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sharir Sthana]] 7/115]
'''Table 3: Measurements of body components in swa-anjali pramana''' [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sharir Sthana]] 7/115]
|'''Volume'''
|'''Volume'''
|-
|-
|'''Udaka''' (aqueous element) a substance which is found in association with various body parts/components of body. Example, it is seen mixed with faeces during the occurrence of diarrhoea. It is also found in association with urine, blood and other tissue elements of the body. It is spread all over the body with its site in the external skin. Inside the skin, it is known as lasika (lymph) which exudes through ulcers; when the body becomes hot, it comes out from hair follicles in the form of sweat.
|'''Udaka''' (aqueous element) a substance which is found
in association with various body parts/components of body.
Example, it is seen mixed with faeces during the occurrence of diarrhoea.
It is also found in association with urine, blood and other tissue elements
of the body. It is spread all over the body with its site in the external skin.
Inside the skin, it is known as lasika (lymph) which exudes through
ulcers; when the body becomes hot, it comes out from hair follicles
in the form of sweat.
|10
|10
|-
|-
|-
|-
|'''Mastishka''' (the fat like substance inside the skull''')'''
|'''Mastishka''' (the fat like substance inside the skull''')'''
|
|1/2
|-
|-
|'''Shukra''' (semen)
|'''Shukra''' (semen)
|
|1/2
|-
|-
|'''Shleshmika oja''' (a type of oja)
|'''Shleshmika oja''' (a type of oja)
|
|1/2
|}
|}
==Application of pramana in diagnosis of various diseases:==
The equilibrium of dosha, dhatu (body tissues) and mala (metabolic waste of body) is responsible for keeping a person healthy. Any derangement in pramana leads to disorders. Example depletion of rasa dhatu (plasma) causes precordial pain, palpitation, sense of emptiness and thirst, whereas increase in pramana of rasa dhatu may result in nausea and salivation.
The equilibrium of dosha, dhatu (body tissues) and mala (metabolic waste of body) is responsible for keeping a person healthy. Any derangement in pramana leads to disorders. Example depletion of rasa dhatu (plasma) causes precordial pain, palpitation, sense of emptiness and thirst, whereas increase in pramana of rasa dhatu may result in nausea and salivation.
It’s difficult to understand how the ancient Ayurveda scholars estimated the volume of body fluids. Ayurveda scholars had an understanding of qualities of substances based on their panchabhautika composition (the five universal elements or panchamahabhuta). The proportion or volume of a substance in most cases has a direct relationship with its qualities. For example, proportion of water present in a substance decides moisture content or dryness in it. In the absence of advanced medical techniques, how the volume of body fluids was measured in ancient times is a topic for research. Most probably the Ayurveda scholars estimated the qualities of fluid in body and thereafter assessed its volume inside the body.
It’s difficult to understand how the ancient Ayurveda scholars estimated the volume of body fluids. Ayurveda scholars had an understanding of qualities of substances based on their panchabhautika composition (the five universal elements or panchamahabhuta). The proportion or volume of a substance in most cases has a direct relationship with its qualities. For example, proportion of water present in a substance decides moisture content or dryness in it. In the absence of advanced medical techniques, how the volume of body fluids was measured in ancient times is a topic for research. Most probably the Ayurveda scholars estimated the qualities of fluid in body and thereafter assessed its volume inside the body.
==Contemporary views:==
Anthropometric measurements require understanding of anthropometric landmarks some of which can be shown in the figure:
Anthropometric measurements require understanding of anthropometric landmarks some of which can be shown in the figure 1
The advancement in technology led to development of many anthropometric tools. Some of them are as follows:
'''2. Spreading Caliper:''' Spreading Caliper is used to measure dimensions of the head and selected body width or depth dimensions in children (e.g. biacromial width, biiliocristal width, bispinal width, bitrochanteric width, transverse width of chest, biepicondylar width of humerus, biepicondylar width of femur).
'''1. Anthropometer:''' Anthropometer measures vertical dimensions of the human body. The instrument consists of three aluminium square profiles and a double-sided measuring system with a reading scale. The long axis of the instrument is mounted with a telescopic round sleeve with a double-sided groove that features a dimension reading index. The sleeve is mounted with a sliding needle, whose tip is applied to the appropriate anthropometric point.[[File:Image.png|thumb|646x646px|'''Figure 1: Anthropometric Landmarks''']]'''2. Spreading Caliper:''' Spreading Caliper is used to measure dimensions of the head and selected body width or depth dimensions in children (e.g. biacromial width, biiliocristal width, bispinal width, bitrochanteric width, transverse width of chest, biepicondylar width of humerus, biepicondylar width of femur).
'''3. Pelvimeter:''' Pelvimeter used for measuring the width and depth dimensions of the adult population.
'''4. Modified Thoracometer:'''The instrument primarily serves for easy determination of the length of the foot. While measuring the foot length, the subject stands with his/her feet slightly apart, with the weight distributed evenly on both legs. The axis of the instrument is parallel to the inner edge of the foot, the bent toes need to be pressed against the floor.
'''5. Small height rod:'''This instrument is primarily designated to determine selectedvertical dimensions of the lower extremity (e.g. sphyrion height).
'''6. Sliding Caliper:'''This instrument is designed to determine selected dimensions of the head (e.g. morphological facial height, nasal height and width, the distance between the inner/outer eye corners, lower jaw height, mouth width, hand width, foot width, etc. The rounded ends serve for measurements carried out on live bodies, while the sharp ends are used for determining the dimensions of skeletal material.
'''7. Caliper:'''This instrument measures skinfold thickness. The instrument has two arms, of which one is calibrated scale. The base of this arm features a circular opening for the index or middle finger. The other (sliding) arm with a slot for measurement of the skinfold thickness has a base with a larger circular opening for the thumb.
'''8. Soft metric tape:'''This tool is used for measuring girth dimensions.
==Importance of concept==
===In determining life span===
Any deviation from the normal measurements possibly points towards an anatomical or genetical anomaly, which may consequently reduce the life span of the person. According to Ayurveda scholars, a person with tip of the nose raised lives a maximum life span of 70 years [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 35/8]; and a person whose phalanges are short, penis enormously bigger positioned upwards from its normal place, nose higher and gums visible while laughing or talking lives a maximum life span of 25 years only. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sthana]] 35/9-11] Contrarily, if a man or woman, endowed with standard body and body organ measurements, then he attains long life and prosperity [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 35/16-17]. It is also postulated that if the height of person in standing position is equal to the arm span of that person, than this person is said to possess sama sharira (body with optimum proportion of measurements of body parts). A sama sharira person is endowed with longevity, strength, ojas (the essence of all seven dhatus or tissues, that is vital for life), happiness, power, wealth, and virtues. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Viman Sthana]] 8/117]
Any deviation from the normal measurements possibly points towards an anatomical or genetical anomaly, which may consequently reduce the life span of the person. According to Ayurveda scholars, a person with tip of the nose raised lives a maximum life span of 70 years [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 35/8]; and a person whose phalanges are short, penis enormously bigger positioned upwards from its normal place, nose higher and gums visible while laughing or talking lives a maximum life span of 25 years only. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sthana]] 35/9-11] Contrarily, if a man or woman, endowed with standard body and body organ measurements, then he attains long life and prosperity [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 35/16-17]. It is also postulated that if the height of person in standing position is equal to the arm span of that person, than this person is said to possess sama sharira (body with optimum proportion of measurements of body parts). A sama sharira person is endowed with longevity, strength, ojas (the essence of all seven dhatus or tissues, that is vital for life), happiness, power, wealth, and virtues. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Viman Sthana]] 8/117]
===In preservation and promotion of health===
*Pramanataha pariksha is helpful in identification of four (too tall, too dwarf, too fat or too emaciated) among eight of the undesirable constituents. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/3] A person aspiring good health shall make possible efforts to reach close to the standards measurements. For example, reducing weight for an obese person is possible by suitable diet and exercise. However, increasing height of a dwarf adult or decreasing height in tall person is not possible by medical management.
*Pramanatah pariksha is helpful in determining Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). The normal range for BMI is 19–24·9 kg/, overweight is 25–29·9 kg/ , and obesity ≥ 30 kg/ <ref>Xavier Pi-Sunyer, F. (2000). Obesity: Criteria and classification. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59(4), 505-509. doi:10.1017/S0029665100000732</ref>
===In relation to anthropometry===
Pramantaha pariksha is like anthropometry (the '''systematic measurement of th'''e physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape). Anthropometry, along with physical measurement of human body, also takes into consideration the body weight, body parts, human physical appearance and physical attractiveness.
Pramantaha pariksha is like anthropometry (the '''systematic measurement of th'''e physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape). Anthropometry, along with physical measurement of human body, also takes into consideration the body weight, body parts, human physical appearance and physical attractiveness.
===Individualistic approach===
Anguli pramana of body and body parts of an individual is determined by measuring the utsedha (height), ayama (length), vistara (breadth) by taking his own finger’s (swaanguli) breadth, as unit of measurement. The breadth of one finger is counted as one angula, and so on. The anguli pramana is used for measurement of length, breadth, height, circumference, etc, in contrast to anjali pramana, which is the measurement of volume. One anjali pramana is the maximum volume of a liquid that can be held in the cup formed by joining of the two palms of an individual together. This volume is one anjali for that particular individual (swa-anjali). Measurements of body and body parts depend on sex, race, geographical location, nutrition, exposure to disease, genetics and physical activity. Hence swa-angula and swa-anjali pramana give individualistic information rather than a generalized one. These pramana do not vary according to above mentioned conditions.
Anguli pramana of body and body parts of an individual is determined by measuring the utsedha (height), ayama (length), vistara (breadth) by taking his own finger’s (swaanguli) breadth, as unit of measurement. The breadth of one finger is counted as one angula, and so on. The anguli pramana is used for measurement of length, breadth, height, circumference, etc, in contrast to anjali pramana, which is the measurement of volume. One anjali pramana is the maximum volume of a liquid that can be held in the cup formed by joining of the two palms of an individual together. This volume is one anjali for that particular individual (swa-anjali). Measurements of body and body parts depend on sex, race, geographical location, nutrition, exposure to disease, genetics and physical activity. Hence swa-angula and swa-anjali pramana give individualistic information rather than a generalized one. These pramana do not vary according to above mentioned conditions.
==Application of knowledge of pramanatah pariksha in contemporary practices==
Surgeons use pramanatah pariksha in determining important landmarks in person’s body. By knowing the distance of key areas on the surgeon’s hand, he can measure critical distances, saving time.
Surgeons use pramanatah pariksha in determining important landmarks in person’s body. By knowing the distance of key areas on the surgeon’s hand, he can measure critical distances, saving time.
2. The length from the tip of the thumb to the interphalangeal joint = ≈3.5 cm
2. The length from the tip of the thumb to the interphalangeal joint = ≈3.5 cm
3. The length from the tip of the thumb to the metacarpophalangeal joint = ≈6.5 cm.[ii]
3. The length from the tip of the thumb to the metacarpophalangeal joint = ≈6.5 cm.<ref>Frey, Jordan & Zide, Barry. (2020). Ten Tips Based on Anatomy and Design to Refine Face and Neck Lift Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. Publish Ahead of Print. 1. 10.1097/GOX.0000000000002791.</ref>
Each surgeon should check these distances on his or her hand to know exactly what each landmark represents.
Each surgeon should check these distances on his or her hand to know exactly what each landmark represents.
'''3:''' A measurement of 3 fingers from the anterior tip of the mandible to the anterior neck estimates the volume of the submandibular space.
'''3:''' A measurement of 3 fingers from the anterior tip of the mandible to the anterior neck estimates the volume of the submandibular space.
'''2:''' A measurement of 2 fingers between the floor of the mandible and the thyroid notch on the anterior neck determines the location of the larynx relative to the base of the tongue.[iii]
'''2:''' A measurement of 2 fingers between the floor of the mandible and the thyroid notch on the anterior neck determines the location of the larynx relative to the base of the tongue.<ref>Sharma S, Patel R, Hashmi MF, et al. 3-3-2 Rule. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493235/</nowiki></ref>
===In diagnosis and prognosis===
Pramana is mentioned as one of the ten investigations regarding patients, and it can be used for estimation of strength (physical, psychological, immunological) of patients. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Vimana Sthana]] 8/94].
Pramana is mentioned as one of the ten investigations regarding patients, and it can be used for estimation of strength (physical, psychological, immunological) of patients. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Vimana Sthana]] 8/94].
===In management of diseases===
No two individual are completely alike physically, physiologically, psychologically, or in vital reactions, and thus the dose of drugs varies from person to person. A child or a person with lower body stature requires less dose of a drug as compared to an adult or person with big body stature. The volume of anjali varies in proportion with the size of the individual. Ancient scholars utilized this factor. Example, maximum oral dose of peeluparnyadi oil is mentioned as 1 anjali [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/42]. If two persons, one of smaller body stature (hence smaller volume in his 1 anjali) and one of bigger body stature (hence bigger volume in his 1 anjali) consume this oil of volume of their 1 anjali pramana, then automatically the person with smaller volume will consume smaller quantity of oil and person of bigger stature will consume more quantity of oil. Some other drugs whose doses, or the doses of their composition drugs are mentioned in anjali pramana are amalatas (''Cassia'' ''fistula''). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 8/9], aragvadhadi arishta [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 8/15] and lodhra sura (beverage prepared from ''Symplocos racemosa'') [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 9/9].
No two individual are completely alike physically, physiologically, psychologically, or in vital reactions, and thus the dose of drugs varies from person to person. A child or a person with lower body stature requires less dose of a drug as compared to an adult or person with big body stature. The volume of anjali varies in proportion with the size of the individual. Ancient scholars utilized this factor. Example, maximum oral dose of peeluparnyadi oil is mentioned as 1 anjali [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/42]. If two persons, one of smaller body stature (hence smaller volume in his 1 anjali) and one of bigger body stature (hence bigger volume in his 1 anjali) consume this oil of volume of their 1 anjali pramana, then automatically the person with smaller volume will consume smaller quantity of oil and person of bigger stature will consume more quantity of oil. Some other drugs whose doses, or the doses of their composition drugs are mentioned in anjali pramana are amalatas (''Cassia'' ''fistula''). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 8/9], aragvadhadi arishta [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 8/15] and lodhra sura (beverage prepared from ''Symplocos racemosa'') [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Kalpa Sthana]] 9/9].
==Current researches==
1. Anguli pramana as a tool for assessment of health status with reference to body mass index (B.M.I.):
'''1. Anguli pramana as a tool for assessment of health status with reference to body mass index (B.M.I.):'''
An observational study for correlation between anguli pramana and BMI was carried out on 30 healthy individuals between age group 18-55 years from Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Dehradun. In this study, it was observed that if the health status of an individual was altered, either in terms of increased or decreased figures of BMI, then their swa-anguli pramana deviated from standard values of mentioned swa-anguli pramana. [iv]
An observational study for correlation between anguli pramana and BMI was carried out on 30 healthy individuals between age group 18-55 years from Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Dehradun. In this study, it was observed that if the health status of an individual was altered, either in terms of increased or decreased figures of BMI, then their swa-anguli pramana deviated from standard values of mentioned swa-anguli pramana.<ref>Bahuguna M, Vaidh S. Anguli Pramana as a Tool for Assessment of Health Status w.r.t. BMI. WJPR. 2022 Apr;11(5):2083-2089. doi: 10.20959/wjpr20225-23931. ISSN 2277– 7105.</ref>
2. Scientific study of Charakokta anguli pramana in reference to human height:
'''2. Scientific study of Charakokta anguli pramana in reference to human height:'''
In this study, anthropometric measurements by finger were taken and exact site of particular finger in a manner to execute “anguli sthana nishchiti” (demarcation points for measurement by anguli pramana) was determined. The data of aayama (height) and vistaara (arm span) of the 100 volunteers was recorded and statistically analysed. After comparing the anguli pramana obtained at 78 different sites of both hands, it was established that measurement of anguli pramana at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right and left hand, would be most accurate in estimating anguli pramana. [v]
In this study, anthropometric measurements by finger were taken and exact site of particular finger in a manner to execute “anguli sthana nishchiti” (demarcation points for measurement by anguli pramana) was determined. The data of aayama (height) and vistaara (arm span) of the 100 volunteers was recorded and statistically analysed. After comparing the anguli pramana obtained at 78 different sites of both hands, it was established that measurement of anguli pramana at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right and left hand, would be most accurate in estimating anguli pramana.<ref>Muley SK, Surve AA, Bhingare SD. Scientific study of Charakokta Anguli Pramana in reference to human height. Ayu. 2013 Oct;34(4):356-60. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.127709. PMID: 24696571; PMCID: PMC3968696.</ref>
3. Anguli pramana in ayurveda - a method of measurement in ancient times:
'''3. Anguli pramana in ayurveda - a method of measurement in ancient times:'''
This study directed that anguli pramana measurement should be done at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right or left hand. [vi]
This study directed that anguli pramana measurement should be done at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right or left hand.<ref>Dr. Radheshyam Sharma. (2020). Anguli Pramana in Ayurveda - A method of measurement in Ancient time. ''Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences'', ''5''(01), 122-125. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v5i01.825</nowiki></ref>
4. Concept of anguli pramana sharira and importance in Ayurveda:
'''4. Concept of anguli pramana sharira and importance in Ayurveda:'''
The author translates the ayurveda terminologies of demarcation points for describing pramanatah pariksha in ayurveda texts into modern anatomical terminologies. [vii] Some of these are:
The author translates the ayurveda terminologies of demarcation points for describing pramanatah pariksha in ayurveda texts into modern anatomical terminologies.<ref>Mishra B. Concept of Anguli Pramana Sharir and Importance in Ayurveda. IJIRMF 2016 July;3(7):279-281. ISSN – 2455-0620</ref> Some of these are:
* Shira (heads circumference) the maximum distance round the head with the tape placed above the eyebrow ridges and positioned over the greatest posterior projection at the back of the head.
* Skandha (shoulder joint)
* Aaratni (from elbow joint to little finger)
* Prabahu (from shoulder joint to elbow joint)
* Prapani (from elbow joint to wrist joint)
* Jangha (from knee joint to ankle joint)[length] [circumference]
* Uru (from hip joint to knee joint) [length] [circumference]
* Janu (knee joint) [circumference]
* Gulpha (ankle joint) [circumference]
* Parshni (Heels) [length] [breadth]
==Future scope of research:==
There is a wide scope of research in perspective of pramantah pariksha. Some of these topics are as follows:
There is a wide scope of research in perspective of pramantah pariksha. Some of these topics are as follows:
* To know the landmarks of finger, the distance of breadth of finger
* Angula and anjali, can other body parts (like arm length, palm’s breadth, etc) too be used as an individualistic approach for anthropometric measurements.
* To find the appropriate anthropometric measurements based on geographic variations.
* To find average anthropometric measurements based on constitution (prakriti) of individuals.
* To find the correlation of health and life span of the persons with standard anthropometric measurements and persons with variation in anthropometric measurements.