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== Aaptodesha and shastra ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Aaptopadesha pramana precisely depicts the skeleton of shastra according to ayurveda. It describes the findings of intellectual persons based on the teachings of veda and apta. Thus the scientific hypothesis put forth on aaptopadesha pramana is termed ‘shastravada’. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana.11/27] </p>
== Current understanding of medical science ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>The term science is defined as knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific methods.<ref name="ref10">“Science.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science. Accessed 20 Mar. 2023. </ref> It can be observed that this definition of science is similar to the concept of shastra as mentioned in the ancient ayurveda texts. The history of current medical science is quite vast and finds its origins in Egyptian medicine (around 3000 BC) and Greek medical sciences where the medicine was practiced and preached traditionally<ref name="ref11">Koutsouris, D. The evolution of medical care: from the beginnings to personalized medicine. Health Technol. 7, 3–4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-016-0163-1 </ref>. Hippocrates is considered as the father of modern medicine (around 450 BC). The surgical practices evolved during the medieval period. However the mainstreaming of the formal eduction related to medicine started around 12th- 13th century in Italy. Advancement in research related to genetics, radiology, introduction of the germ theory of disease leading to invention of antibiotics are considered to be the landmarks of modern medicine. The contemporary medical science is largely evidence based facilitating the introduction of modern technologies and advancements both surgical and medicinal fields.<ref name="ref12">History of Medicine - Invention, Prehistoric, Traditional and Modern [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.vedantu.com/biology/history-of-medicine </ref> The timeline of medical history depicts the revolutionary changes from the 9th century onwards itself.<ref name="ref13">Hajar R. History of medicine timeline. Heart Views. 2015;16(1):43-45. doi:10.4103/1995-705x.153008 </ref> The term science denotes the way of thinking used to develop explanations of natural phenomena using evidence and logic. Authentic science is the term coined to distinguish and separate the scientific ways of thinking from classroom science activities that do not, in fact, reflect the spirit and behavior of science.<ref name="ref14">Crawford, B. (2015). Authentic Science. In: Gunstone, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Science Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2150-0_144 </ref> The science develops from theories which can be inductive or deductive leading to establishment of new concepts. <br/>As mentioned earlier the current medical science is largely evidence based which involves the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.<ref name="ref15">Masic I, Miokovic M, Muhamedagic B. Evidence based medicine - new approaches and challenges. Acta Inform Med. 2008;16(4):219-225. doi:10.5455/aim.2008.16.219-225</ref> It involves the clinical based practice based on the available and updated information. Earlier the medical science was largely based on previously established theories, which seldom paved way for empirical and personalised medicine. However the evidence based medicine facilitates the personalised or individualised approach to the practice of medicine. <br/>Ayurveda on the other hand has always focused on the individualised and personalised approach based on the doshika constitution, prakriti etc. of the individual. Ayurveda as a science was preached through the generations in form of poetry, which contemplated into written form as Samhita or classical texts. Thus, the shastra of ayurveda is ancient, yet based on various basic principles which find their relevance even in day to day practices. Ayurveda is based on the fundamental principles, that can be assessed on scientific grounds to prove their validity in todays era.</p>
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