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<p style="text-align:justify;">[[Samanya]] and [[vishesha]] are among the six fundamental principles (padartha). These are [[samanya]] (similarity), [[vishesha]] (dissimilarity), [[guna]] (properties), [[dravya]] (substances), [[karma]] (action) and [[samavaya]] (inherence). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/28-29] [[Samanya]] is mentioned on priority because knowledge of causes of diseases denote similarities (samanyamulak). The various objects under consideration possess a certain common principle known as ‘[[samanya]]’. [[Samanya]] is the cause of increase of all components. [[Samanya]] combines two or more components and is for the element of the similarity.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] It is noted that [[samanya]] leads to increase, only in the absence of an opponent. For example, barley and [[vata dosha]] have the same quality of dryness (rukshata). Therefore, excess consumption of barley generally causes vitiation of [[vata dosha]]. However, if a person consumes oily food with barley, then the increase in [[vata dosha]] is diminished. The unctuous quality of oily food is opposite to dry quality of barley. [[Samanya]] can be related to ‘community’ or ‘genera’ to which the substance is associated with. It resembles the concept of ‘jati’ (origin). It denotes similarities or oneness between concepts or substances. For example, there are many human personalities, but ‘humanity’ is common to all. This humanity is unique for the human species. It distinguishes it from other species like govatva (cow species) and ajatva (goats). [[Samanya]] is eternal (everlasting and endless), one in number, and remains in many matters like substance ([[dravya]]), quality ([[guna]]) and action ([[karma]]). </p>

[[Samanya]] and [[vishesha]] are among the six fundamental principles (padartha). These are [[samanya]] (similarity), [[vishesha]] (dissimilarity), [[guna]] (properties), [[dravya]] (substances), [[karma]] (action) and [[samavaya]] (inherence). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/28-29] [[Samanya]] is mentioned on priority because knowledge of causes of diseases denote similarities (samanyamulak). The various objects under consideration possess a certain common principle known as ‘[[samanya]]’. [[Samanya]] is the cause of increase of all components. [[Samanya]] combines two or more components and is for the element of the similarity.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] It is noted that [[samanya]] leads to increase, only in the absence of an opponent. For example, barley and [[vata dosha]] have the same quality of dryness (rukshata). Therefore, excess consumption of barley generally causes vitiation of [[vata dosha]]. However, if a person consumes oily food with barley, then the increase in [[vata dosha]] is diminished. The unctuous quality of oily food is opposite to dry quality of barley. [[Samanya]] can be related to ‘community’ or ‘genera’ to which the substance is associated with. It resembles the concept of ‘jati’ (origin). It denotes similarities or oneness between concepts or substances. For example, there are many human personalities, but ‘humanity’ is common to all. This humanity is unique for the human species. It distinguishes it from other species like govatva (cow species) and ajatva (goats). [[Samanya]] is eternal (everlasting and endless), one in number, and remains in many matters like substance ([[dravya]]), quality ([[guna]]) and action ([[karma]]).

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On the contrary, [[vishesha]] is the cause of decrease and it differentiates. It is opposite to [[samanya]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] For example, [[vishesha]] produces a distinction between muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]) and [[vata dosha]]. Thus [[mamsa]] is vishesha for [[vata dosha]]. Therefore, rise in [[vata dosha]] decreases [[mamsa dhatu]] and vice versa. [[Vishesha]] causes a decrease or lowering (hraas) only in the absence of an opponent. For example, when a person sleeps in the daytime, it generally increases [[kapha dosha]]. Still, when the same person keeps awake during the night (an action that decreases [[kapha dosha]]) along with day sleep, there is little or no increase in [[kapha dosha]]. Here night wakefulness acts as an opponent to daytime sleep.  It refers to the dissimilarity of identity or sameness between substances.

On the contrary, [[vishesha]] is the cause of decrease and it differentiates. It is opposite to [[samanya]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] For example, [[vishesha]] produces a distinction between muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]) and [[vata dosha]]. Thus [[mamsa]] is vishesha for [[vata dosha]]. Therefore, rise in [[vata dosha]] decreases [[mamsa dhatu]] and vice versa. [[Vishesha]] causes a decrease or lowering (hraas) only in the absence of an opponent. For example, when a person sleeps in the daytime, it generally increases [[kapha dosha]]. Still, when the same person keeps awake during the night (an action that decreases [[kapha dosha]]) along with day sleep, there is little or no increase in [[kapha dosha]]. Here night wakefulness acts as an opponent to daytime sleep.  It refers to the dissimilarity of identity or sameness between substances.