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Upavasa (view source)

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<li>Upavasa should be practiced on a regular interval in obese people to remove toxic metabolic products ([[Ama|ama]]).</li></ul>

<li>It is a kind of spiritual therapy (daivyavyapashayachikitsa). So, in [[Prajnaparadha|prajnaparadhajanyavyadhi]] which may be compared with life style disorder, the upavasa procedure can be very helpful.</li>

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<li>Upavasa can make the [[Shishira|body]] light by relieving heaviness. Heaviness is generally caused by [[Kapha|kapha dosha]], similarly obstruction of the [[Shishira|body]] channel also occurs because of [[Kapha|kapha dosha]]. So upavasa helps in all the [[Kapha|kapha]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] associated with [[Pitta|pitta]] diseases.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">It removes toxins ([[Ama|ama]]): The fire intensity is reduced by the remaining ash particles on it and hampers the burning process. Similarly, in the human [[Shishira|body]], the vitiated [[Dosha|dosha]] lessen the power and disable the digestive capacity. It causes stomach related debilitation, and produces ama. These ama get accumulated in our body and block the minute channels which leads to diseases. During fasting, digestive process gets ignited and destroys metabolic toxins, and clears the blockages of channels.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">It removes toxins ([[Ama|ama]]): The fire intensity is reduced by the remaining ash particles on it and hampers the burning process. Similarly, in the human [[Shishira|body]], the vitiated [[Dosha|dosha]] lessen the power and disable the digestive capacity. It causes stomach related debilitation, and produces [[Ama|ama]]. These [[Ama|ama]] get accumulated in our [[Shishira|body]] and block the minute channels which leads to [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. During fasting, digestive process gets ignited and destroys metabolic toxins, and clears the blockages of channels.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Reducing fat: Fasting dissolves all unnecessary and unnatural fat deposits all over the body.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Reducing fat: Fasting dissolves all unnecessary and unnatural fat deposits all over the [[Shishira|body]].</li>

<li>Our senses become more active during fasting.</li>

<li>Excellent remedy for physical, mental, and spiritual upliftment.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">The physiological effect: lowering of blood sugar, lowering of cholesterol, lowering of systolic blood pressure</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Restoring youthfulness and longevity: Fasting hastens the destruction of the body's decaying tissues through hunger and then builds new tissues through nutrition. Therefore, fasting is regarded as an effective means of restoring youthfulness and longevity.</li>

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<li>Several physicians advise patients to skip meals, sometimes for a few days, before prescribing them a controlled diet.</li>

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<li>Several physicians advise patients to skip meals, sometimes for a few days, before prescribing them a controlled [[Ahara vidhi|diet]].</li>

<li>Fasting is helpful in reducing the symptoms in some psychological disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia etc.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Upavasa(fasting) during pandemic: The importance of fasting is described in janapadoddhvamsaneeya vimana adhyaya. Regular practice of fasting was very helpful for COVID-19 patients.Fasting has an added effect to vaccination which strengthen our immune system during the pandemic and after the pandemic also.<ref>Horne BD, May HT, Muhlestein JB, et al;Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registryBMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2022;e000462. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000462</ref></li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Upavasa(fasting) during pandemic: The importance of fasting is described in [[Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana|janapadoddhvamsaneeya vimana adhyaya]]. Regular practice of fasting was very helpful for COVID-19 patients. Fasting has an added effect to vaccination which strengthen our immune system during the pandemic and after the pandemic also.<ref>Horne BD, May HT, Muhlestein JB, et al;Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registryBMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2022;e000462. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000462</ref></li></ol>

== Myths and misconceptions related to fasting ==

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<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting vis-a-vis starvation<ref>Moacir Couto de Andrade Júnior (2017) Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation: Understanding the Basics to Glimpse New Boundaries. J Nutr Diet 1:e102.</ref>: People think food is the only energy source for our body. If they fast, they will starve their body, but fasting and starvation are different.</li>

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<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting vis-a-vis starvation<ref>Moacir Couto de Andrade Júnior (2017) Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation: Understanding the Basics to Glimpse New Boundaries. J Nutr Diet 1:e102.</ref>: People think food is the only energy source for our [[Shishira|body]]. If they fast, they will starve their [[Shishira|body]], but fasting and starvation are different.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting can be used for underweight people: Fasting can be judiciously used in the person who cannot gain weight. As metabolism is improved through fasting,the body regains the capability to assimilate proteins, fats, carbohydrates, starches, sugars, minerals, vitamins, and all other essential nutrients necessary because all organs work appropriately after fasting.<ref>Mansell, P I, and I A Macdonald. “The effect of starvation on insulin-induced glucose disposal and thermogenesis in humans.” Metabolism: clinical and experimental vol. 39,5 (1990): 502-10. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(90)90009-2</ref></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting can be used for underweight people: Fasting can be judiciously used in the person who cannot gain weight. As metabolism is improved through fasting, the [[Shishira|body]] regains the capability to assimilate proteins, fats, carbohydrates, starches, sugars, minerals, vitamins, and all other essential nutrients necessary because all organs work appropriately after fasting.<ref>Mansell, P I, and I A Macdonald. “The effect of starvation on insulin-induced glucose disposal and thermogenesis in humans.” Metabolism: clinical and experimental vol. 39,5 (1990): 502-10. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(90)90009-2</ref></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Weakness: In the clinical features of appropriate langhana therapy, lightness of the body, lack of drowsiness, exertion or fatigue, and many other symptoms are mentioned.These indicate positive physiology. Thus, weakness is not the outcome mentioned for ~~langhananeither~~ it is expected. Only after the Shodhana kind of Langhana this maybe found.</li></ul>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Weakness: In the clinical features of appropriate [[Langhana|langhana]] therapy, lightness of the [[Shishira|body]], lack of drowsiness, exertion or fatigue, and many other symptoms are mentioned. These indicate positive physiology. Thus, weakness is not the outcome mentioned for [[Langhana|langhana]] neither it is expected. Only after the [[Shodhana|Shodhana]] kind of [[Langhana|Langhana]] this maybe found.</li></ul>

== Autophagy vis-a-visupavasa ==

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Autophagy (self-eating) is a metabolic process in which the cell eliminates non-essential components via a lysosome-dependent, regulatory mechanism. It transforms cellulardetritus into survival-essential energy.</li>

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<li>Autophagy occurs in our body primarily during the energy deprivation phase, such as fasting. Fasting destroys metabolic toxins, ignites the digestive fire and clears all the blockage in our body's channels, which ultimately provides good health. Fasting is a ubiquitous religious and cultural practice that is found, in varying forms, across the world.</li>

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<li>Autophagy occurs in our [[Shishira|body]] primarily during the energy deprivation phase, such as fasting. Fasting destroys metabolic toxins, ignites the digestive fire and clears all the blockage in our body's channels, which ultimately provides good health. Fasting is a ubiquitous religious and cultural practice that is found, in varying forms, across the world.</li>

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<li>Fasting stimulate autophagy,it helps in the cell renewal process and it also help in declining the aging process.</li></ul>

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<li>Fasting stimulate autophagy, it helps in the cell renewal process and it also help in declining the aging process.</li></ul>

== Researches on fasting and its effect on physiology ==

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and the brain: Fontan-Lozano A, Saez-Cassanelli JL, Inda MC, de losSantosArteaga M, Sierra-Dominguez SA, Lopez-Lluch G, DelgadoGarcia JM, Carrion AM. Caloric restriction increases learning consolidation and facilitates synaptic plasticity through mechanisms dependent on NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor. J Neurosci. 2007; 27:10185–10195</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and factors implicated in aging: Guevara-Aguirre J, Balasubramanian P, Guevara-Aguirre M, Wei M, Madia F, Cheng CW, Hwang D, Martin-Montalvo A, Saavedra J, Ingles S, de Cabo R, Cohen P, Longo VD. Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. SciTransl Med. 2011;16;3(70):70ra13.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and cancer: Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):181-92.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and [[Cancer|cancer]]: Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):181-92.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and inflammation and hypertension: Goldhamer AC, Lisle DJ, Sultana P, Anderson SV, Parpia B, Hughes B, Campbell TC. Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension. J Altern Complement Med. 2002; 8:643–650.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and metabolic syndrome: Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2013; 62:137–143.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and self-control: The findings of a famous psychology experiment termed the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment Stanford marshmallow experiment], are closely related to the traditional reason behind fasting. In the experiment, children were left in a room alone for 15 minutes and given a candy. They were given a promise that if the child did not eat the candy at the end of the 15 minutes, he/she would get two candies. Children who could control the temptation for 15 minutes to get the reward were later tracked in life. After 2 decades, they became way more successful than the kids who got tempted to eat the candy as soon as they were given it. Fifty years post the experiment, the researcher talks about self-controlas a muscle that must be exercised and built.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and autophagy:<ref>Ohsumi Y. Yoshinori Ohsumi: autophagy from beginning to end. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick. J Cell Biol. 2012;197(2):164-165. doi:10.1083/jcb.1972pi</ref> The controlled digestion of internal cell components is called autophagy.Basically, when we give fuel to mitochondria, when they don’t need them, they release a large number of electrons, giving rise to reactive oxygen species that act as free radicals. These free radicals damage not only mitochondria, but also nuclear DNA. Yoshinori Ohsumi a cellular biologist from Japan, was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2016 in physiology and medicine for discovering the importance of autophagy for many physiological processes such as adaption to fasting and the Mechanism of Autophagy.</li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Fasting and autophagy:<ref>Ohsumi Y. Yoshinori Ohsumi: autophagy from beginning to end. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick. J Cell Biol. 2012;197(2):164-165. doi:10.1083/jcb.1972pi</ref> The controlled digestion of internal cell components is called autophagy. Basically, when we give fuel to mitochondria, when they don’t need them, they release a large number of electrons, giving rise to reactive oxygen species that act as free radicals. These free radicals damage not only mitochondria, but also nuclear DNA. Yoshinori Ohsumi a cellular biologist from Japan, was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2016 in physiology and medicine for discovering the importance of autophagy for many physiological processes such as adaption to fasting and the Mechanism of Autophagy.</li></ol>

== Theses and research works done ==

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== Related chapters ==

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* Ch Su -11 TistraishaniyaAdhyaya,

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* Ch Su -11 [[Tistraishaniya Adhyaya|TistraishaniyaAdhyaya]],

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* Ch Su -22 LanghanabrimhaniyaAdhyaya,

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* Ch Su -22 [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya|LanghanabrimhaniyaAdhyaya]],

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* Ch Chi-3 JwaraChikitsaAdhyaya,

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* Ch Chi-3 [[Jwara Chikitsa|JwaraChikitsaAdhyaya]],

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* Ch Chi 15 GrahaniChikitsaAdhyaya,

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* Ch Chi 15 [[Grahani Chikitsa|GrahaniChikitsaAdhyaya]],

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* SuUttarasthana 40 Atisara,

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* SuUttarasthana 40 [[Atisara Chikitsa|Atisara]],

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* A.H. Chi 1 JwaraChikitsaAdhyaya

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* A.H. Chi 1 [[Jwara Chikitsa|JwaraChikitsaAdhyaya]]

== References ==

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