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| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| [[Shabda|Shabda]]
| [[Shabda|Shabda]]
| Akash
| [[Akasha mahabhuta|Akash]]
| Shabda
| [[Shabda|Shabda]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| Shabda + Sparsha
| [[Shabda|Shabda]] + [[Sparsha|Sparsha]]
| Vayu
| [[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]]
| Shabda, Sparsha
| [[Shabda|Shabda]], [[Sparsha|Sparsha]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| Shabda + Sparsha + Rupa
| [[Shabda|Shabda]] + [[Sparsha|Sparsha]] + [[Rupa|Rupa]]
| Agni
| [[Agni mahabhuta|Agni]]
| Shabda, Sparsha, Rupa
| [[Shabda|Shabda]], [[Sparsha|Sparsha]], [[Rupa|Rupa]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| Shabda + Sparsha + Rupa + Rasa
| [[Shabda|Shabda]] + [[Sparsha|Sparsha]] + [[Rupa|Rupa]] + [[Rasa|Rasa]]
| Jala
| [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]]
| Shabda, Sparsha, Rupa, Rasa
| [[Shabda|Shabda]], [[Sparsha|Sparsha]], [[Rupa|Rupa]], [[Rasa|Rasa]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| Shabda + Sparsha + Rupa + Rasa + Gandha
| [[Shabda|Shabda]] + [[Sparsha|Sparsha]] + [[Rupa|Rupa]] + [[Rasa|Rasa]] + [[Gandha|Gandha]]
| Pruthvi
| [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Pruthvi]]
| Shabda, Sparsha, Rupa, Rasa, Gandha
| [[Shabda|Shabda]], [[Sparsha|Sparsha]], [[Rupa|Rupa]], [[Rasa|Rasa]], [[Gandha|Gandha]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
=== Vaisheshika theory of creation of mahabhuta ===
=== Vaisheshika theory of creation of mahabhuta ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>Vaisheshika considers paramanu as the subtle element responsible for production of gross elements. As akash is omnipresent, does not exist in the form of paramanu, so in the initial stage the paramanus of 4 elements (vayu, agni, jala, prithvi) are in the balanced state. At surge, they start moving, they combine in specific way, two atoms of same category combine to form a binary molecule (dvyanuka), combination of three dvayanukaforming tryanuka, furthermore combine into grosser molecules of chaturunuka, and so on. The other view is that atoms form diads and triads directly to form molecules of different substances. Atoms possess an incessant vibratory motion. The activity of the atoms and their combinations are not arbitrary but according to laws that are expressed as the adrushta.<ref>Subhash Kak, Indian Physics Outline of Early history, P.14. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.physics/0310001[Accessed on 15 Sept 2022.]</ref></div>
<div style='text-align:justify;'>Vaisheshika considers paramanu as the subtle element responsible for production of gross elements. As [[Akasha mahabhuta|akash]] is omnipresent, does not exist in the form of paramanu, so in the initial stage the paramanus of 4 elements ([[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]], [[Agni mahabhuta|agni]], [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]], [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]]) are in the balanced state. At surge, they start moving, they combine in specific way, two atoms of same category combine to form a binary molecule (dvyanuka), combination of three dvayanukaforming tryanuka, furthermore combine into grosser molecules of chaturunuka, and so on. The other view is that atoms form diads and triads directly to form molecules of different substances. Atoms possess an incessant vibratory motion. The activity of the atoms and their combinations are not arbitrary but according to laws that are expressed as the adrushta.<ref>Subhash Kak, Indian Physics Outline of Early history, P.14. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.physics/0310001[Accessed on 15 Sept 2022.]</ref></div>
== Contemporary theories ==
== Contemporary theories ==
=== Tanmatra and quantum spins ===
=== Tanmatra and quantum spins ===
John S. Hagelin, the physicist in his book ‘Is Consciousness the Unified Field? A Field Theorist's Perspective; (Maharishi International University Fairfield, Iowa) states the similarity between quantum mechanical spins and tanmatras.It is stated that ‘A very similar structure is observed within the framework of quantum field theory, where there are also five fundamental categories of quantum field or "spin types" consistent with relativistic causality and renormalizability, which are responsible for the entire material universe. These are the spin-2 graviton (responsible for space-time curvature and the force of gravity), the spin - 3/2 gravitino (appearing only in the context of a supersymmetric field theory), spin-1 force fields, spin -1/ 2 matter fields, and the spin-0 Higgs fields responsible for symmetry breaking.’ <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.385.1265&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed on 15 sep2022]</ref>.
John S. Hagelin, the physicist in his book ‘Is Consciousness the Unified Field? A Field Theorist's Perspective; (Maharishi International University Fairfield, Iowa) states the similarity between quantum mechanical spins and tanmatras. It is stated that ‘A very similar structure is observed within the framework of quantum field theory, where there are also five fundamental categories of quantum field or "spin types" consistent with relativistic causality and renormalizability, which are responsible for the entire material universe. These are the spin-2 graviton (responsible for space-time curvature and the force of gravity), the spin - 3/2 gravitino (appearing only in the context of a supersymmetric field theory), spin-1 force fields, spin -1/ 2 matter fields, and the spin-0 Higgs fields responsible for symmetry breaking.’ <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.385.1265&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed on 15 sep2022]</ref>.
<br/>There appears to be a striking correspondence between the five tanmatras and these quantum-mechanical spin types: between the space tanmatra and the gravitational field; between the air tanmatra, which stands as a link between space and the other elements, and the gravitino field; between the fire tanmatra, responsible for chemical transformations and the sense of sight, and the spin-1 forces; and between the water and earth tanmatras and the spin-% and spin-0 matter fields, respectively.<ref>ibid</ref>
<br/>There appears to be a striking correspondence between the five tanmatras and these quantum-mechanical spin types: between the space tanmatra and the gravitational field; between the air tanmatra, which stands as a link between space and the other elements, and the gravitino field; between the fire tanmatra, responsible for chemical transformations and the sense of sight, and the spin-1 forces; and between the water and earth tanmatras and the spin-% and spin-0 matter fields, respectively.<ref>ibid</ref>
=== Tanmatra, paramanu and wave particle duality ===
=== Tanmatra, paramanu and wave particle duality ===
In the book ‘Indian Physics outline of early History.’ it is stated that ‘The tanmatras are an abstract potential whereas bhutadi are the elementary atoms which is somewhat like the quantum wavefunction and material particles. Samkhya, where the observer is central, considers tanmatras to emerge first. On the other hand, Vaisheshika. with its focus on atoms and their combinations, does not speak of tanmatras although some of the gunas are like the tanmatras. In other words, we have something akin to the concept of wave-particle duality of quantum physics.<ref>Subhash Kak, Indian Physics Outline of Early history, P.30. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.physics/0310001[Accessed on 15 sep2022]</ref>
In the book ‘Indian Physics outline of early History.’ it is stated that ‘The tanmatras are an abstract potential whereas bhutadi are the elementary atoms which is somewhat like the quantum wavefunction and material particles. Samkhya, where the observer is central, considers tanmatras to emerge first. On the other hand, Vaisheshika. with its focus on atoms and their combinations, does not speak of tanmatras although some of the [[Guna|gunas]] are like the tanmatras. In other words, we have something akin to the concept of wave-particle duality of quantum physics.<ref>Subhash Kak, Indian Physics Outline of Early history, P.30. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.physics/0310001[Accessed on 15 sep2022]</ref>
=== Tanmatra and elementary particles ===
=== Tanmatra and elementary particles ===
=== Significance ===
=== Significance ===
The study of tanmatra is important in order to understand our origin, as they are the connectors between subtle (avyakta) and gross (vyakta). Also, in order to describe the link between the sense organs and the elements, the Sankhyaschool developed the concept of tanmatra.The properties of elements are specified with particular qualities which share something in common.<ref>R.K Mishra, Before the Beginning and after the Death, New Delhi,2000, P.299.</ref><br/>Tanmatra is an important concept to understand and build base for Ayurved biology.<ref>Exploring Quantum Logic in Ayurveda with special reference to Srotovijnanaof Ayurveda, R.H.Singh Ayu Vol30 No.4 2009</ref>
The study of tanmatra is important in order to understand our origin, as they are the connectors between subtle ([[Avyakta|avyakta]]) and gross (vyakta). Also, in order to describe the link between the sense organs and the elements, the Sankhyaschool developed the concept of tanmatra. The properties of elements are specified with particular qualities which share something in common.<ref>R.K Mishra, Before the Beginning and after the Death, New Delhi,2000, P.299.</ref><br/>Tanmatra is an important concept to understand and build base for Ayurved biology.<ref>Exploring Quantum Logic in Ayurveda with special reference to Srotovijnanaof Ayurveda, R.H.Singh Ayu Vol30 No.4 2009</ref>
== Application of tanmatra in health and prevention of diseases ==
== Application of tanmatra in health and prevention of diseases ==
<div style='text-align:justify;'>Tanmatras are subtle forms of fundamental elements (sukshmamahabhuta). The meditation on tanmatra helps a yogi to control the senses and desire.On the same parlance the meditation on tanmatras help to prevent intellectual errors (pragnaparadha) and improper union of senses with objects (asatmyaindriyarthasamyoga). Knowledge of subtler form can help to achieve positive health in terms of physical, mental and spiritual aspects. </div>
<div style='text-align:justify;'>Tanmatras are subtle forms of fundamental elements (sukshmamahabhuta). The meditation on tanmatra helps a yogi to control the senses and desire. On the same parlance the meditation on tanmatras help to prevent intellectual errors (pragnaparadha) and improper union of senses with objects (asatmyaindriyarthasamyoga). Knowledge of subtler form can help to achieve positive health in terms of physical, mental and spiritual aspects. </div>
== Application of tanmatra in clinical practices ==
== Application of tanmatra in clinical practices ==
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The tanmatra is the basic platform for panchabhautikasiddhant, which is widely used in ayurveda clinical practices. Some of the applications are as below:
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The tanmatra is the basic platform for panchabhautikasiddhant, which is widely used in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] clinical practices. Some of the applications are as below:
<ol><li>Formation of foetus: Five elements and soul/conscious (atma) conjugates to form foetus.[Cha.Sa.ShariraSthana4/6]</li>
<ol><li>Formation of foetus: Five elements and soul/conscious ([[Atma|atma]]) conjugates to form foetus.[Cha.Sa.ShariraSthana4/6]</li>
<li>Prakriti nirmana:Panchabhautiki prakriti is formed. [Su. Sa. ShariraSthana4]</li>
<li>[[Prakriti|Prakriti]] nirmana:Panchabhautiki prakriti is formed. [Su. Sa. ShariraSthana4]</li>
<li>Body elements and panchamahabhutas:
<li>[[Sharira|Body]] elements and [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhutas]]:
<ol type="I">
<ol type="I">
<li>Shabda(sound), sense of hearing, porous structures in the body are showing dominance of akasha mahabhuta. Touch, skin, pulsations, lightness, and all movements are due to vayumahabhuta. Vison, eyes, colour, temperature, digestion ,bravery are due to tejamahabhuta. Taste, tongue, coldness, unctuousness, semen and all liquid components of body show dominance of Jalamahabhuta. Sense of smell, nose, and all solid structures are due to prithvimahabhutadominance. [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 1/19]</li>
<li>[[Shabda|Shabda(sound)]], sense of hearing, porous structures in the body are showing dominance of [[Akasha mahabhuta|akasha mahabhuta]]. Touch, skin, pulsations, lightness, and all movements are due to [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayumahabhuta]]. Vison, eyes, colour, temperature, digestion ,bravery are due to [[Agni mahabhuta|tejamahabhuta]]. Taste, tongue, coldness, unctuousness, semen and all liquid components of [[Sharira|body]] show dominance of [[Jala mahabhuta|Jalamahabhuta]]. Sense of smell, nose, and all solid structures are due to [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvimahabhuta]] dominance. [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 1/19]</li>
<li>Dosha with specific dominance of panchamahabhuta:
<li>[[Dosha|Dosha]] with specific dominance of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]:
* Vata dosha: Vayu + Akash
* [[Vata dosha|Vata dosha]]: [[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]] + [[Akasha mahabhuta|Akash]]
* Pitta dosha: Teja
* [[Pitta dosha|Pitta dosha]]: [[Agni mahabhuta|Teja]]
* Kapha dosha: Prithvi + Jala</li>
* [[Kapha|Kapha dosha]]: [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] + [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]]</li>
<li>Digestive capacity (agni):<br/>
<li>Digestive capacity (agni):<br/>
Bhutagni which are responsible for metabolism of the diet have dominance of relatedmahabhuta .[ Cha. Sa. ShariraSthana 15/13]</li></ol>
[[Bhutagni|Bhutagni]] which are responsible for metabolism of the diet have dominance of relatedmahabhuta .[ Cha. Sa. ShariraSthana 15/13]</li></ol>
</li>
</li>
<li>Dravya and panchamahabhuta:
<li>[[Dravya|Dravya]] and [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]:
<ol type="I"><li>Among six rasa (taste),each rasa is associated with 2 mahabhuta. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana10/1]
<ol type="I"><li>Among six [[Rasa|rasa]] (taste), each [[Rasa|rasa]] is associated with 2 [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]]. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana10/1]
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Sweet/Madhura: Prithvi + Jala</li>
<li>[[Madhura|Sweet/Madhura]]: [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] + [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]]</li>
<li>Sour/Amla- Teja +Prithvi</li>
<li>[[Amla|Sour/Amla]] - [[Agni mahabhuta|Teja]] + [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]]</li>
<li>Salty/Lavan-Jala + Teja</li>
<li>[[Lavana|Salty/Lavan]] - [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] + [[Agni mahabhuta|Teja]]</li>
<li>Bitter/Tikta- Akash + Vayu</li>
<li>[[Tikta|Bitter/Tikta]] - [[Akasha mahabhuta|Akash]] + [[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]]</li>
<li>Pungent/ Katu- Agni + Vayu</li>
<li>[[Katu|Pungent/Katu]] - [[Agni mahabhuta|Agni]] + [[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]]</li>
<li>Astringent- Prithvi + Vayu</li></ul></li>
<li>Astringent - [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] + [[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]]</li></ul></li>
<li>Ahara, the foodis also panchabhautika. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/ 526]</li>
<li>[[Ahara|Ahara]], the foodis also panchabhautika. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/ 526]</li>
<li>All dravya are panchabhautika [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana9/5-10]</li>
<li>All [[Dravya|dravya]] are panchabhautika [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana9/5-10]</li>
<li>Shodhanadravya(drugs used for elimination of dosha) have predominance of specific mahabhuta. The drugs useful for vamana( therapeuticemesis) have dominance of agni and vayumahabhuta. Virechana( therapeuticpurgation) dravyahave dominance of prithvi and jalamahabhuta. [Cha. Sa. KalpaSthana1/5]</li></ol>
<li>Shodhanadravya(drugs used for elimination of [[Dosha|dosha]]) have predominance of specific [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]]. The drugs useful for [[Vamana|vamana]](therapeuticemesis) have dominance of [[Agni mahabhuta|agni]] and [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayumahabhuta]]. [[Virechana|Virechana]]( therapeuticpurgation) [[Dravya|dravya]] have dominance of [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]] and [[Jala mahabhuta|jalamahabhuta]]. [Cha. Sa. KalpaSthana1/5]</li></ol>
</li></ol>
</li></ol>
Thus, as the panchamahabhuta are key elements of purusha and prakriti, their subtle forms, tanmatra play important role in designing the fundamental constitution.</div>
Thus, as the [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] are key elements of [[Purusha|purusha]] and [[Prakriti|prakriti]], their subtle forms, tanmatra play important role in designing the fundamental constitution.</div>
== Future scope of research ==
== Future scope of research ==