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Indriya (view source)

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==Etymology, derivation, and synonyms ==

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*The term indriya mainly refers to the sensory faculties. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/14] They are considered as the instruments (karana) for the knowledge in the form of direct perception (pratyaksha jnana). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/4]

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==Types or classification ==

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===Panchchabhautika constitution===

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Indriya are formed from the five greater elements ([[panchamahabhuta]]). So, each of them has an affinity towards a particular sense of perception in an object which is having a similar elemental constitution. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/15]

E.g.: visual faculty (chakshurindriya) have an affinity towards the visual aspect of an object. So, it receives the signals about colour, size, and shape of an object and transmit this information to the respective higher center (chakshurindriya budhi)

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In the human body, each sensory faculty (indriya) is located in a particular area with a predominance of the particular [[mahabhuta]].

The only exception for this is tactile faculty (sparshanendriya) which is spread all over the body.

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===Pentad of senses (Indriya pancha-panchaka)===

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==Functioning of indriya==

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The five senses and their subtlest physical presence in the body can be presented in view of contemporary medical knowledge as below:

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===Sense organs and their physical centers in body===

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|5||Olfactory sense (ghranendriya)||Olfactory receptors||Olfactory area in brain(Area no. 28)||Type I Olfactory cells||Olfaction

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===Motor organs (karmendriya)===

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The motor organs are equally important to perform activities and communication. These organs play role in expressing inner feelings to outer world. The following table shows motor organs and their functions.

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===Motor organs (karmendriya) and their functions===

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== Similarity of receptor theory with indriya ==

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The existence, structural modifications, and functional responsibilities of receptors can be justified by deeper perspectives. The excitability of receptors is manifested due to the presence of a state of consciousness (chetana adhishtana bhutam). The specificity of receptors and discrimination ability is due to a similar elemental constitution (samana / tulya yonitva). The conductivity of impulses through receptors reflects balanced and efficient nervous as well as endocrinal control over all the structures (samayogvahi). Thus, the properties of receptors befit into the mechanisms of perception of knowledge described in Ayurveda. However, this correlation needs more research to establish its utility in the treatment of diseases.

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==Importance in examination of patients ==

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Studies have shown that dietary intake of green leafy vegetables, glycaemic index, and omega-3 fatty acid, as well as overall dietary pattern, can influence the risk factors of visual impairment.<ref>Broadhead, G. K., Hong, T., Bahrami, B., Flood, V., Liew, G., & Chang, A. A. (2020). Diet and risk of visual impairment: a review of dietary factors and risk of common causes of visual impairment. Nutrition Reviews.https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa100</ref> Low intakes of fat and protein have been associated with hearing discomfort.<ref>Kim SY, Sim S, Kim HJ, Choi HG. Low-fat and low-protein diets are associated with hearing discomfort among the elderly of Korea. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(10):1711–7</ref>

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===Complete functional loss of indriya ===

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*Excessive administration of nasal errhines (nasya) results in dysfunction of sensory faculties. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 40/ 40]

*In diseases due to excessive nourishment (santarpanottha vyadhi), due to aggravation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]], diminished functioning of sensory faculties is seen. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/17]It is advised to perform therapeutic emesis (vamana) in case of [[kapha]] predominant fever (jwara) for correcting the functions of sensory faculties. [ Su. Sa. Uttara Tantra 39/129]

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==Improper indulgence in sensory and motor activities (asatmya indriyartha samyoga) ==

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Improper, less or excess indulgence in sensory and motor activities is an important fundamental cause of any disease. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/15] The diseases related to indriya (aindriyaka vyadhi) are caused by non – utilization (ayoga), excessive utilization (atiyoga) and malpractice (mithya yoga) of sense or motor faculties. [ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/128]

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== Effect of aging on indriya ==

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===Daily regimen===

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Various procedures are included in the daily regimen ([[dinacharya]]) to preserve the health of indriya and manage diseases if they occur. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5,6] The main objective of observing code of conduct (sadvritta) includes control over sense organs. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/18]

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|Sex organs ||Non suppression of urge of micturition, ejaculation, therapeutic enema (basti), therapeutic enema through urinary canal and vagina (uttara basti)

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===Diet and beverages===

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Among dietary factors, the sweet taste (madhura rasa) is mentioned as the one which is pleasing and nourishing to all the sensory faculties. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10] Researches have shown pieces of evidence that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus.<ref>Lee AA, Owyang C. Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients. 2017;9(7):653. Published 2017 Jun 24. doi:10.3390/nu9070653</ref>

The fermented preparations especially those prepared from sugarcane have the property to enhance the efficiency of sensory faculties. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 45/ 183] Various studies have established that self-generated alcohol directly activates the gustatory receptors and central neural substrates for sweet taste. Researchers have found the efficacy of ethanol to directly and immediately stimulate complex chemosensory circuits linked to motivationally relevant limbic and cortical areas.<ref>Brasser SM, Castro N, Feretic B. Alcohol sensory processing and its relevance for ingestion. Physiol Behav. 2015;148:65-70. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.004</ref>Evidence suggests that meat and seafood consumption could potentially protect against hearing loss.<ref>Peneau S, Jeandel C, Dejardin P, Andreeva VA, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E; SU.VI.MAX 2 Research Group . Intake of specific nutrients and foods and hearing level measured 13 years later. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(11):2079–88.</ref>

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===Physical exercise===

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Walking for a comfortable distance in a particular manner(chamkramana)is also good for all sensory faculties.[Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 24/80].

Recent researches also describe the functional roles of sense organs in the control of locomotion.<ref>Delcomyn F, Nelson ME, Cocatre-Zilgien JH. Sense Organs of Insect Legs and the Selection of Sensors for Agile Walking Robots. The International Journal of Robotics Research. 1996;15(2):113-127.</ref> A cross-sectional study (n = 22,804) revealed that high physical activity levels are associated with fewer visual impairments.<ref>Vancampfort D, Koyanagi A, Ward PB, Rosenbaum S, Schuch FB, Mugisha J, Richards J, Firth J, Stubbs B. Chronic physical conditions, multimorbidity and physical activity across 46 low- and middle-income countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):6.</ref> High physical activity levels are also associated with better sensitivity to tastes.<ref>Fuchida S, Yamamoto T, Takiguchi T, Kandaudahewa G, Yuyama N, Hirata Y. Association between underweight and taste sensitivity in middle- to old-aged nursing home residents in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):854–63</ref>

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== More information ==

#[[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]

#[[Indriya Sthana]]

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==References==

Anaghas

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