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== Similarity of receptor theory with indriya ==

== Similarity of receptor theory with indriya ==

Receptors are specialized materialistic structural interfaces made up of proteins. They have the ability to receive and transduce the signals received. This ability to transform and convert any form of energy into electrical energy makes the receptor behave as ‘biological transducers’. These can get saturated due to a finite number of binding sites. They have a high affinity towards respective ligands within physiological limits and concentrations.<ref>Alberts B, Bray D, et.al (2014). Essential Cell Biology (4th ed.) New York, NY, USA: Garland Science. Pg. No. 534</ref> The impulse generated by receptors is further carried to higher centers situated in the brain and spinal cord to analyze and interpret the stimulus. This conduction of impulse on reaching the brain may either have or do not have a conscious perception of knowledge.  

Receptors are specialized materialistic structural interfaces made up of proteins. They have the ability to receive and transduce the signals received. This ability to transform and convert any form of energy into electrical energy makes the receptor behave as ‘biological transducers’. These can get saturated due to a finite number of binding sites. They have a high affinity towards respective ligands within physiological limits and concentrations.<ref>Alberts B, Bray D, et.al (2014), Essential Cell Biology (4th ed.) New York, NY, USA: Garland Science. Pg. No. 534</ref> The impulse generated by receptors is further carried to higher centers situated in the brain and spinal cord to analyze and interpret the stimulus. This conduction of impulse on reaching the brain may either have or do not have a conscious perception of knowledge.  

Receptors are basically sensitized structures or cells, that carry a specialized set of functions such as – can induce cell growth, division, and death; regulate cell permeability; regulates cell-binding; cell signaling, immune responses, and many more activities.

Receptors are basically sensitized structures or cells, that carry a specialized set of functions such as – can induce cell growth, division, and death; regulate cell permeability; regulates cell-binding; cell signaling, immune responses, and many more activities.

The receptors have properties of excitability, specificity, discrimination, and conductivity.  

The receptors have properties of excitability, specificity, discrimination, and conductivity.  

The above observations and discussion indicate striking similarities between the mechanism of indriya and receptors.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant. (2020). Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 8(6), 23-30. Retrieved from https://ijapr.in/index.php/ijapr/article/view/1513</ref> The processes of acquiring knowledge, memory, and various physiological reactions can be seen in terms of indriya and receptor theory.  

The above observations and discussion indicate striking similarities between the mechanism of indriya and receptors.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant.(2020), Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors, International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 8(6), 23-30. Retrieved from https://ijapr.in/index.php/ijapr/article/view/1513</ref> The processes of acquiring knowledge, memory, and various physiological reactions can be seen in terms of indriya and receptor theory.  

The existence, structural modifications, and functional responsibilities of receptors can be justified by deeper perspectives. The excitability of receptors is manifested due to the presence of a state of consciousness (chetana adhishtana bhutam). The specificity of receptors and discrimination ability is due to a similar elemental constitution (samana / tulya yonitva). The conductivity of impulses through receptors reflects balanced and efficient nervous as well as endocrinal control over all the structures (samayogvahi). Thus, the properties of receptors befit into the mechanisms of perception of knowledge described in Ayurveda. However, this correlation needs more research to establish its utility in the treatment of diseases.

The existence, structural modifications, and functional responsibilities of receptors can be justified by deeper perspectives. The excitability of receptors is manifested due to the presence of a state of consciousness (chetana adhishtana bhutam). The specificity of receptors and discrimination ability is due to a similar elemental constitution (samana / tulya yonitva). The conductivity of impulses through receptors reflects balanced and efficient nervous as well as endocrinal control over all the structures (samayogvahi). Thus, the properties of receptors befit into the mechanisms of perception of knowledge described in Ayurveda. However, this correlation needs more research to establish its utility in the treatment of diseases.

Rasayana (rejuvenation) therapies shall be started well in advance at a younger age to prevent this loss due to aging.  

Rasayana (rejuvenation) therapies shall be started well in advance at a younger age to prevent this loss due to aging.  

In a research study, it is found that an increase in the threshold for odour detection, lower perceived odour intensity, and a decreased ability to identify food-related odours occur in old age. Current research suggests that some nutritional deficiencies (e.g. zinc) are associated with taste disturbances in older individuals.

In a research study, it is found that an increase in the threshold for odour detection, lower perceived odour intensity, and a decreased ability to identify food-related odours occur in old age.<ref>Rolls BJ, Do chemosensory changes influence food intake in the elderly? Physiol Behav. 1999 Apr;66(2):193-7. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00264-9. PMID: 10336143.</ref> Current research suggests that some nutritional deficiencies (e.g. zinc) are associated with taste disturbances in older individuals.<ref>Pisano M, Hilas O, Zinc and Taste Disturbances in Older Adults: A Review of the Literature. Consult Pharm. 2016 May;31(5):267-70. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2016.267. PMID: 27178656</ref>

== Preservation of health of indriya and management of disease ==

== Preservation of health of indriya and management of disease ==

'''Diet and beverages:'''

'''Diet and beverages:'''

Among dietary factors, the sweet taste (madhura rasa) is mentioned as the one which is pleasing and nourishing to all the sensory faculties. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10] Researches have shown pieces of evidence that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus.  

Among dietary factors, the sweet taste (madhura rasa) is mentioned as the one which is pleasing and nourishing to all the sensory faculties. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10] Researches have shown pieces of evidence that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus.<ref>Lee AA, Owyang C. Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients. 2017;9(7):653. Published 2017 Jun 24. doi:10.3390/nu9070653</ref>

The fermented preparations especially those prepared from sugarcane have the property to enhance the efficiency of sensory faculties. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 45/ 183] Various studies have established that self-generated alcohol directly activates the gustatory receptors and central neural substrates for sweet taste. Researchers have found the efficacy of ethanol to directly and immediately stimulate complex chemosensory circuits linked to motivationally relevant limbic and cortical areas.  

The fermented preparations especially those prepared from sugarcane have the property to enhance the efficiency of sensory faculties. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 42/10], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 45/ 183] Various studies have established that self-generated alcohol directly activates the gustatory receptors and central neural substrates for sweet taste. Researchers have found the efficacy of ethanol to directly and immediately stimulate complex chemosensory circuits linked to motivationally relevant limbic and cortical areas.<ref>Brasser SM, Castro N, Feretic B. Alcohol sensory processing and its relevance for ingestion. Physiol Behav. 2015;148:65-70. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.004</ref>

Evidence suggests that meat and seafood consumption could potentially protect against hearing loss.  

Evidence suggests that meat and seafood consumption could potentially protect against hearing loss.<ref>Peneau S, Jeandel C, Dejardin P, Andreeva VA, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E; SU.VI.MAX 2 Research Group . Intake of specific nutrients and foods and hearing level measured 13 years later. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(11):2079–88.</ref>

'''Physical exercise:'''

'''Physical exercise:'''

Walking for a comfortable distance in a particular manner(chamkramana)is also good for all sensory faculties.[Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 24/80]. Recent researches also describe the functional roles of sense organs in the control of locomotion. A cross-sectional study (n = 22,804) revealed that high physical activity levels are associated with fewer visual impairments. High physical activity levels are also associated with better sensitivity to tastes.

Walking for a comfortable distance in a particular manner(chamkramana)is also good for all sensory faculties.[Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 24/80]. Recent researches also describe the functional roles of sense organs in the control of locomotion.<ref>Delcomyn F, Nelson ME, Cocatre-Zilgien JH. Sense Organs of Insect Legs and the Selection of Sensors for Agile Walking Robots. The International Journal of Robotics Research. 1996;15(2):113-127.</ref> A cross-sectional study (n = 22,804) revealed that high physical activity levels are associated with fewer visual impairments.<ref>Vancampfort D, Koyanagi A, Ward PB, Rosenbaum S, Schuch FB, Mugisha J, Richards J, Firth J, Stubbs B. Chronic physical conditions, multimorbidity and physical activity across 46 low- and middle-income countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):6.</ref> High physical activity levels are also associated with better sensitivity to tastes.<ref>Fuchida S, Yamamoto T, Takiguchi T, Kandaudahewa G, Yuyama N, Hirata Y. Association between underweight and taste sensitivity in middle- to old-aged nursing home residents in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):854–63</ref>

== More information ==  

== More information ==