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==Etymology, derivation, and synonyms ==

==Etymology, derivation, and synonyms ==

The Sanskrit word Indriya means – “ that which is related to, or originated from ‘indra’ or created by the supreme power”.  It means prana or vital life force. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/1-2].  

The Sanskrit word Indriya means – “ that which is related to, or originated from ‘indra’ or created by the supreme power”.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref> It means prana or vital life force. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/1-2].  

Indriya is the entity that works in the presence of mind and consciousness to perceive any knowledge or memories.   

Indriya is the entity that works in the presence of mind and consciousness to perceive any knowledge or memories.<ref>Samkhya Tatva Koumudi - 26</ref>  

The word indriya is denoted by synonyms like hrushikam, vishayi, aksham, karanam, and grahanam. All these terms refer to the sensory and motor faculty along with their internal processing system.

The word indriya is denoted by synonyms like hrushikam, vishayi, aksham, karanam, and grahanam. All these terms refer to the sensory and motor faculty along with their internal processing system.<ref>Jha Srujan. Shabdakalpadruma online application</ref>

== Meanings in different contexts: ==

== Meanings in different contexts: ==

*The term indriya is also used to denote the semen virile (shukra). It also indicates any powerful act or bodily power.  

*The term indriya is also used to denote the semen virile (shukra). It also indicates any powerful act or bodily power.<ref>Monier-Williams, available from -Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

*The presence of “indriya” is the criteria to determine the presence of consciousness (chetana) in a substance. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/48]   

*The presence of “indriya” is the criteria to determine the presence of consciousness (chetana) in a substance. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/48]   

*The terms Indriya and [[Atma]] are used interchangeably in some contexts. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/18]

*The terms Indriya and [[Atma]] are used interchangeably in some contexts. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/18]

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===Difference between sense (indriya) and organ (indriya adhishtana)  ===

===Difference between sense (indriya) and organ (indriya adhishtana)<ref>Dr. Aniket A. Shilwant. (2018). Indriya Shaarir. Life Sciences Medical Publisher, Mumbai. 1st Edition, 2018.</ref> ===

To know physiological process of sensation, it is important to know the difference between sense and sense organs.  

To know physiological process of sensation, it is important to know the difference between sense and sense organs.  

== Similarity of receptor theory with indriya ==

== Similarity of receptor theory with indriya ==

Receptors are specialized materialistic structural interfaces made up of proteins. They have the ability to receive and transduce the signals received. This ability to transform and convert any form of energy into electrical energy makes the receptor behave as ‘biological transducers’. These can get saturated due to a finite number of binding sites. They have a high affinity towards respective ligands within physiological limits and concentrations. The impulse generated by receptors is further carried to higher centers situated in the brain and spinal cord to analyze and interpret the stimulus. This conduction of impulse on reaching the brain may either have or do not have a conscious perception of knowledge.  

Receptors are specialized materialistic structural interfaces made up of proteins. They have the ability to receive and transduce the signals received. This ability to transform and convert any form of energy into electrical energy makes the receptor behave as ‘biological transducers’. These can get saturated due to a finite number of binding sites. They have a high affinity towards respective ligands within physiological limits and concentrations.<ref>Alberts B, Bray D, et.al (2014). Essential Cell Biology (4th ed.) New York, NY, USA: Garland Science. Pg. No. 534</ref> The impulse generated by receptors is further carried to higher centers situated in the brain and spinal cord to analyze and interpret the stimulus. This conduction of impulse on reaching the brain may either have or do not have a conscious perception of knowledge.  

Receptors are basically sensitized structures or cells, that carry a specialized set of functions such as – can induce cell growth, division, and death; regulate cell permeability; regulates cell-binding; cell signaling, immune responses, and many more activities.

Receptors are basically sensitized structures or cells, that carry a specialized set of functions such as – can induce cell growth, division, and death; regulate cell permeability; regulates cell-binding; cell signaling, immune responses, and many more activities.

The receptors have properties of excitability, specificity, discrimination, and conductivity.  

The receptors have properties of excitability, specificity, discrimination, and conductivity.  

The above observations and discussion indicate striking similarities between the mechanism of indriya and receptors. The processes of acquiring knowledge, memory, and various physiological reactions can be seen in terms of indriya and receptor theory.  

The above observations and discussion indicate striking similarities between the mechanism of indriya and receptors.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant. (2020). Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 8(6), 23-30. Retrieved from https://ijapr.in/index.php/ijapr/article/view/1513</ref> The processes of acquiring knowledge, memory, and various physiological reactions can be seen in terms of indriya and receptor theory.  

The existence, structural modifications, and functional responsibilities of receptors can be justified by deeper perspectives. The excitability of receptors is manifested due to the presence of a state of consciousness (chetana adhishtana bhutam). The specificity of receptors and discrimination ability is due to a similar elemental constitution (samana / tulya yonitva). The conductivity of impulses through receptors reflects balanced and efficient nervous as well as endocrinal control over all the structures (samayogvahi). Thus, the properties of receptors befit into the mechanisms of perception of knowledge described in Ayurveda. However, this correlation needs more research to establish its utility in the treatment of diseases.

The existence, structural modifications, and functional responsibilities of receptors can be justified by deeper perspectives. The excitability of receptors is manifested due to the presence of a state of consciousness (chetana adhishtana bhutam). The specificity of receptors and discrimination ability is due to a similar elemental constitution (samana / tulya yonitva). The conductivity of impulses through receptors reflects balanced and efficient nervous as well as endocrinal control over all the structures (samayogvahi). Thus, the properties of receptors befit into the mechanisms of perception of knowledge described in Ayurveda. However, this correlation needs more research to establish its utility in the treatment of diseases.

The indriya become weak and less efficient due to abnormal increase of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and decrease of [[vata]] and [[kapha]] dosha. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/60], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15 /13].The weakness may be either due to anatomical abnormality of the structural abode of these faculties or the functional abnormality in their controlling system. [Dalhana, Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15 /13].  

The indriya become weak and less efficient due to abnormal increase of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and decrease of [[vata]] and [[kapha]] dosha. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/60], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15 /13].The weakness may be either due to anatomical abnormality of the structural abode of these faculties or the functional abnormality in their controlling system. [Dalhana, Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15 /13].  

The important cause of this condition is the consumption of incompatible foods (viruddha ahara). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19].

The important cause of this condition is the consumption of incompatible foods (viruddha ahara). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19].

Studies have shown that dietary intake of green leafy vegetables, glycaemic index, and omega-3 fatty acid, as well as overall dietary pattern, can influence the risk factors of visual impairment. Low intakes of fat and protein have been associated with hearing discomfort.  

Studies have shown that dietary intake of green leafy vegetables, glycaemic index, and omega-3 fatty acid, as well as overall dietary pattern, can influence the risk factors of visual impairment.<ref>Broadhead, G. K., Hong, T., Bahrami, B., Flood, V., Liew, G., & Chang, A. A. (2020). Diet and risk of visual impairment: a review of dietary factors and risk of common causes of visual impairment. Nutrition Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa100</ref> Low intakes of fat and protein have been associated with hearing discomfort.<ref>Kim SY, Sim S, Kim HJ, Choi HG. Low-fat and low-protein diets are associated with hearing discomfort among the elderly of Korea. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(10):1711–7</ref>

===Complete functional loss of indriya ===

===Complete functional loss of indriya ===