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'''Table 2: Local contraceptives in Ayurveda'''
'''Table 2: Local contraceptives in Ayurveda'''
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!Drugs!!Mode of administration
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|Powdered seeds of Butea monosperma(palasha) along with honey . ||Applied as vaginal paste during fertile period(ritukala)
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|Piece of rock salt + oil || Vaginal insertion before coitus.
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|Wood of Azadiracta indica(nimba)|| Vaginal fumigation before coitus/ during fertile period.
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|Powdered root of Datura metel(dhattutra)||Vaginal filling before coitus.
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|Root of Datura metel(dhattutra) collected on 14th day(dark night) of lunar month ||Tie in waste before coitus.
|}
In current practices, male condoms and vaginal diaphragms are used in barrier methods.
==IV. Intra uterine contraceptive devices==
In females, causing obstruction to vessels of the reproductive tract (yoni) using a special type of stone is mentioned for inducing sterility. This may be considered as a primitive form of intra uterine contraceptive devices. Now a days, Intra Uterine Device (IUD) is inserted into uterine cavity and left for contraception. These are made from polypropylene impregnated with barium sulphate.
The commonly used devices are Copper T 200 (Cu T-200), Copper T (Gravigard), Multi load copper – 250 (ML Cu – 250 ) and Multi load Copper –375 (ML Cu- 375). These are used for 3 to 5 years of contraception.
==V. Surgical procedures for sterility==
Copper T 200 (Cu T-200), Copper T (Gravigard), Multi load copper – 250 (ML Cu – 250 ) and Multi load Copper – 375 (ML Cu- 375). These are used for 3 to 5 years of contraception.
V. Surgical procedures for sterility
Infliction of crush injury to the two chords situated near the scrotum or the scrotum itself is also mentioned in Atharva veda. This shows the references of vasectomy and castration respectively.
Infliction of crush injury to the two chords situated near the scrotum or the scrotum itself is also mentioned in Atharva veda. This shows the references of vasectomy and castration respectively.
In current practices, sterilization in males is achieved through vasectomy. In females, various procedures like laparotomy, culdotomy, laparoscopy are opted for sterilization. These methods are irreversible and opted for permanent contraception.
In current practices, sterilization in males is achieved through vasectomy. In females, various procedures like laparotomy, culdotomy, laparoscopy are opted for sterilization. These methods are irreversible and opted for permanent contraception.
VI. Emergency contraception
==VI. Emergency contraception==
This method can be used in the form of oral tablets or IUD. It is indicated in cases of unprotected intercourse, condom failure, noncompliance with other methods and rape.
This method can be used in the form of oral tablets or IUD. It is indicated in cases of unprotected intercourse, condom failure, noncompliance with other methods and rape.
This method should be reserved for emergency situations and should not be used as an ongoing method of contraception on regular basis because it has a high failure rate and can cause irregular menstrual bleeding.
This method should be reserved for emergency situations and should not be used as an ongoing method of contraception on regular basis because it has a high failure rate and can cause irregular menstrual bleeding.
Abortifacients:
'''Abortifacients:'''
Table 4: Local drugs for inducing menstrual flow/ abortion
Some drugs having the abortifacient action are used for inducing bleeding per vagina in case of accidental conception.
Drug Mode of administration
The table 3 lists the drugs for oral administration and table 4 shows locally used drugs in vagina to induce bleeding.
The stem of leaf of Ricinus communis (eranda patra danda) Vaginal insertion
Root of Boerhavia diffusa (punarnava) Vaginal insertion
'''Table 3: Oral drugs for inducing bleeding per vagina/ abortion'''
Root of Clitorea ternata (Shweta aparajita) Vaginal insertion
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Aerial roots of Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn(Sharngeshta/Kakadani) Vaginal insertion
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Combination of Lagineria vulgaris (iksvaku), Baliospermum montanum (danti), Piper longum (pippali), Jaggery, Randia dumetorum (madanaphala), Fermented liquid (kinva), Glycyrrhiza glabra (yashti madhu) and Latex of Euphorbia nerifolia (snuhi kshira) Vaginal suppository
!Drug !! Vehicle(anupana)
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|Scraped lime powder from the walls of temple(devalaya churna) – 12 g ||water
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|Root of Plumbago zeylanica(chitraka) and leaf juice of Vitex negundo Linn(nirgundi) || honey
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|Seeds of carrot(Daucus carota)+Roots of Cajanus cajan Linn(tuwari)+lead oxide(sindura)||water
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|Faeces of mare mixed with fermented rice water(kanji) and filtered+rock salt+ Apium graveolens Linn(ajamoda)+oil of Brassica nigra(asuri)+Aconitum ferox(visha)||not specified
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|Paste of fried leaves of Celastrus panniculata(jyotishmati) and flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis(japa) || water
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|Paste of Cedrus deodora(devadaru) and Cynodon dactylon(durva) aling with paste rice grain.||water
|}
'''Table 4: Local drugs for inducing menstrual flow/ abortion'''
{|class="wikitable" |}
|-
!Drug!!Mode of administration
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|The stem of leaf of Ricinus communis (eranda patra danda) || Vaginal insertion
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|Root of Boerhavia diffusa (punarnava) || Vaginal insertion
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|Root of Clitorea ternata (Shweta aparajita) || Vaginal insertion
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|Aerial roots of Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn(Sharngeshta/Kakadani) ||Vaginal insertion
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|Combination of Lagineria vulgaris (iksvaku), Baliospermum montanum (danti), Piper longum (pippali), Jaggery, Randia dumetorum (madanaphala), Fermented liquid (kinva), Glycyrrhiza glabra (yashti madhu) and Latex of Euphorbia nerifolia (snuhi kshira) || Vaginal suppository
|}
==Current researches==
==Current researches==
The following table no. 5 reviews pharmacological research studies on single drugs mentioned in contraceptive formulations in Ayurveda.
The following table no. 5 reviews pharmacological research studies on single drugs mentioned in contraceptive formulations in Ayurveda.
Table 5: Researches on contraceptive herbs
'''Table 5: Researches on contraceptive herbs'''
Drug Observations
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Embelia ribes
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(vidanga) Root powder in 100g/kg in rats exhibited 100% inhibition of pregnancy in albino rats.
!Drug!!Observations
Embelin 50-100mg/kg in rats from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy showed 85.71% anti-implantation activity, significant anti-estrogenic and progestational properties.
|-
Abies webbiana
|Embelia ribes(vidanga) ||Root powder in 100g/kg in rats exhibited 100% inhibition of pregnancy in albino rats.
(Talisa) Benzene and alcoholic extracts of leaf produced 51% anti- implantation activity.
Azadiracta indica (nimba) Bark extract had shown in vitro spermicidal activity.
Embelin 50-100mg/kg in rats from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy showed 85.71% anti-implantation activity, significant anti-estrogenic and progestational properties.
Daucus carota
|-
(grinjana) Extracts of the seeds showed petroleum, ether, benzene, alcohol & water showed 85%, 95%, 92%,50% anti-implantation activity respectively.
|Abies webbiana(Talisa) || Benzene and alcoholic extracts of leaf produced 51% anti- implantation activity.
Hibiscus rosasinensis
|-
( Japa) Alcoholic extract of flower showed 50-60% inhibition of pregnancy at 200mg/kg dose.Benzene extract produced 100% antifertility effect in 250mg/kg.
|Azadiracta indica (nimba)||Bark extract had shown in vitro spermicidal activity.
Plumbago rosea / Plumbago zeylanica(chitraka) Root powder in a dose of 100mg/100g from Day 1 to Day 7 of pregnancy in albino rats showed 100% antifertility activity.
|-
Terminalia arjuna(arjuna) Anti-zygotic, anti-implantation, abortifacient activities.
|Daucus carota(grinjana)||Extracts of the seeds showed petroleum, ether, benzene, alcohol & water showed 85%, 95%, 92%,50% anti-implantation activity respectively.
Mesua ferrea(Nagaksara) Flowers exhibited anti-implantation activity in female rats.
|-
|Hibiscus rosasinensis(Japa)||Alcoholic extract of flower showed 50-60% inhibition of pregnancy at 200mg/kg dose.Benzene extract produced 100% antifertility effect in 250mg/kg.
|-
|Plumbago rosea / Plumbago zeylanica(chitraka)||Root powder in a dose of 100mg/100g from Day 1 to Day 7 of pregnancy in albino rats showed 100% antifertility activity.
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|Terminalia arjuna(arjuna)||Anti-zygotic, anti-implantation, abortifacient activities.
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|Mesua ferrea(Nagaksara)|| Flowers exhibited anti-implantation activity in female rats.
|}
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), working under the Ministry of AYUSH carried out the screening of many herbal and herbo-mineral drugs for the contraceptive activity under the Research Scheme for screening of contraceptive agents.
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), working under the Ministry of AYUSH carried out the screening of many herbal and herbo-mineral drugs for the contraceptive activity under the Research Scheme for screening of contraceptive agents.
*A compound drug called AYUSH AC-V, which is a combination of Abes webbiana(talisa patra) and red orche (gairika), showed 100% anti-implantation effect on multigravida rats.
*Another coded drug called AYUSH AC-IV, Embelia ribes (vidanga), Laccardia lacca (laksha), Areca catechu (puga) and Saraca asoka (ashoka) in equal parts, 1gm/day in two divided doses in 281 women for 15 days (D4-D18). There was no pregnancy reported even after 10th cycle.
References
*The various clinical trials conducted by CCRAS, the combination of Piper longum Linn(pippali), Embelia ribes(vidanga), borax(tankana) known as “pippalyadi yoga” was tested in 722 women in tablet form 1g/day. It effectively prevented pregnancy in 98.42%.
*Oil of Azadiracta indica A Juss (nimba), 1 ml intra vaginally before each coitus, tested in 225 women with proven fertility showed 98.7% result in prevention of pregnancy and in a dose of 3 ml (intra vaginally before each coitus) showed 100% result in prevention of pregnancy during the study period of 12 cycles.
*“Praneem”, a purified extract from the dried seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem), extract from the pericarp of fruits of Sapindus species and quinine hydrochloride, showed contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and monkeys after intra vaginal application. Precoital application of the cream provided complete protection against pregnancy in rabbits in the 1st 30 minutes after application. The conception rate was acceptable at 60 minutes (7%), but thereafter it climbed to unacceptable levels (28.6% at 90 minutes and 75% at 12 hours).
==References==