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Multiple pregnancies happen due to division of the zygote (''orshukra-artava'') by vitiated ''vata'' - an observation noted in all Ayurvedic texts and accepted by all commentators (SS.Sa.2/37; AS.Sa.2/6; AH.Sa.1/6; KS.Ka.6/59; BP.Pur.3/39). Apart from this phenomenon, instability of mind of the couple during coitus is responsible for producing twins as it influences the ''doshas'' and ''dhatus'' that produce fetal parts (HS.6th sthana.1/38-39). And finally, there are karmic deeds of the soul of the fetus that the parents have no control over. (CK on CS.Sa.2/13-14). (14)
 
Multiple pregnancies happen due to division of the zygote (''orshukra-artava'') by vitiated ''vata'' - an observation noted in all Ayurvedic texts and accepted by all commentators (SS.Sa.2/37; AS.Sa.2/6; AH.Sa.1/6; KS.Ka.6/59; BP.Pur.3/39). Apart from this phenomenon, instability of mind of the couple during coitus is responsible for producing twins as it influences the ''doshas'' and ''dhatus'' that produce fetal parts (HS.6th sthana.1/38-39). And finally, there are karmic deeds of the soul of the fetus that the parents have no control over. (CK on CS.Sa.2/13-14). (14)
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=== Long intrauterine stay (Verse 15) ===
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Two conditions, namely garbha-shosha (emaciation of fetus) and ''garbha-parisriti'' (..), have been cited as reasons for the phenomenon termed as “long intrauterine stay”. This kind of manifestation is also found in ''vata-abhipanna garbha'' (fetus affected by vata dosha) (SS.Sa.10/57), emaciated fetus afflicted with ''vataja'' disorders (AS.Sa.2/37) and ''vatodara'' (vata dominant enlargement of abdomen) (BhS.Sa.3/6-7). This condition could be correlated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). (15)
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It is interesting to note that none of the ''vedic'' texts – Ayurvedic or otherwise – blamed the mother for complications and abnormalities in pregnancy. Instead, they seem to attribute those to God’s will and the karmic deeds of the children born with those defects. (16)
      
=== ''Dwireta''(Hermaphroditism) ===
 
=== ''Dwireta''(Hermaphroditism) ===