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|label6 = Date of publication:
|label6 = Date of publication:
|data6 = July 16, 2020
|data6 = June 16, 2020
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The term is used to denote any clear liquid, juice, the essence of anything, semen virile, seed of animals (male and female), and sperm.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
The term is used to denote any clear liquid, juice, the essence of anything, semen virile, seed of animals (male and female), and sperm.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
==Synonyms: ==
==Synonyms ==
*'''Pumstvam / Paurusham''': denoting masculinity
*'''Pumstvam / Paurusham''': denoting masculinity
*'''Majjarasa''': derived from the essence of [[majja dhatu]] (bone marrow)
*'''Majjarasa''': derived from the essence of [[majja dhatu]] (bone marrow)
==Meanings in different contexts: ==
==Meanings in different contexts==
*It refers to “male genetic prototype”-one of the factors, which is responsible for the formation of the embryo ([[garbha]])[Cha. Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
*It refers to “male genetic prototype”-one of the factors, which is responsible for the formation of the embryo ([[garbha]])[Cha. Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
*Shukra/shukla refers to white colour and the iris of the eye and some morbid afflictions/ diseases of the iris are also known by the term shukra.[Su. Sa Uttara Tantra 1/36]
*Shukra/shukla refers to white colour and the iris of the eye and some morbid afflictions/ diseases of the iris are also known by the term shukra.[Su. Sa Uttara Tantra 1/36]
==Panchabhautika constitution and properties==
== Panchabhautika constitution and properties ==
Shukra is constituted by four elements-[[vayu]], [[agni]], [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]](four [[mahabhuta]]) in equal proportion. It is originated from six basic tastes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
Shukra is constituted by four elements-[[vayu]], [[agni]], [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]](four [[mahabhuta]]) in equal proportion. It is originated from six basic tastes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
The pure virile semen (shukra)is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura). It does not cause burning sensation in genital tract (avidahi). It looks like white crystal quartz (shukla).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/146]
The pure virile semen (shukra)is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura). It does not cause burning sensation in genital tract (avidahi). It looks like white crystal quartz (shukla).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/146]
==Formation and metabolism of shukra dhatu==
== Formation and metabolism of shukra dhatu ==
During metabolism, the unctuous part of predecessor [[majja dhatu]] is transformed into shukra dhatu. The marrow is present in bones. Minute pores are created by the action of [[vayu]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]] on bones. The shukra dhatu oozes out from these minute pores after action of factors responsible for the metabolism of shukra dhatu (shukra dhatu agni). This process is like water oozing out of new mud pot, shukra also oozes out of these pores. It is then circulated all over the body through channels of transportation of shukra dhatu(shukravahasrotas).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/32-33]
During metabolism, the unctuous part of predecessor [[majja dhatu]] is transformed into shukra dhatu. The marrow is present in bones. Minute pores are created by the action of [[vayu]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]] on bones. The shukra dhatu oozes out from these minute pores after action of factors responsible for the metabolism of shukra dhatu (shukra dhatu agni). This process is like water oozing out of new mud pot, shukra also oozes out of these pores. It is then circulated all over the body through channels of transportation of shukra dhatu(shukravahasrotas).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/32-33] Thus, shukra dhatu is present all over body.
Thus, shukra dhatu is present all over body.
The second form is present in testicles (vrushana). After maturation, at the time of sexual excitation or urge of ejaculation (vega), the semen (shukra) is discharged through urethra. This process happens just like ghee is melted by heat.
The second form is present in testicles (vrushana). After maturation, at the time of sexual excitation or urge of ejaculation (vega), the semen (shukra) is discharged through urethra. This process happens just like ghee is melted by heat.
[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/34-35].
[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/34-35].
=== Metabolic byproducts (Upadhatu):===
=== Metabolic byproducts (Upadhatu) ===
[[Ojas]] is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sharangadhara Sam. Purvakhanda chapter 5]
[[Ojas]] is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sharangadhara Sam. Purvakhanda chapter 5]
Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all [[dhatu]], there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all [[dhatu]], there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
===Quantity of shukra dhatu in body:===
=== Quantity of shukra dhatu in body===
The total quantity of shukra is mentioned as half anjali. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15] Anjali is a personified measurement unit.
The total quantity of shukra is mentioned as half anjali. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15] Anjali is a personified measurement unit.
===Time span:===
=== Time span ===
Shukra is formed on the seventh day by the transformation of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa).
Shukra is formed on the seventh day by the transformation of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa).
Sushruta opines that shukra dhatu is formed in a time span of one month. (18090 kala≈30days).[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]
Sushruta opines that shukra dhatu is formed in a time span of one month. (18090 kala≈30days).[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]
==Characteristics of best quality of reproductive tissue(shukrasara):==
== Characteristics of best quality of reproductive tissue(shukra sara) ==
The persons endowed with the essence of shukra dhatu are gentle (saumya), having charming appearance (saumyaprekshina), beautiful eyes as if filled with milk (kshirapurnalochana) and immensely exhilarated (praharshabahula). Their teeth are unctuous, rounded, firm, even and compact. They have prominent buttocks (large pelvic girdle). They have pleasant, unctuous complexion and voice. They are brilliant. They are liked by women for enjoyment, are strong and endowed with happiness, leisure, health, wealth, honor, and progeny. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/109]
The persons endowed with the essence of shukra dhatu are gentle (saumya), having charming appearance (saumyaprekshina), beautiful eyes as if filled with milk (kshirapurnalochana) and immensely exhilarated (praharshabahula). Their teeth are unctuous, rounded, firm, even and compact. They have prominent buttocks (large pelvic girdle). They have pleasant, unctuous complexion and voice. They are brilliant. They are liked by women for enjoyment, are strong and endowed with happiness, leisure, health, wealth, honor, and progeny. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/109]
==Forms of shukradhatu in body: ==
== Forms of shukradhatu in body ==
The shukra dhatu is present in various forms as below:
The shukra dhatu is present in various forms as below:
The Channels of transportation and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) has its roots in testicles and penis. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8] Sushruta opines that they originate from breast and testicles. There are two vessels to carry Shukra dhatu. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]
The Channels of transportation and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) has its roots in testicles and penis. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8] Sushruta opines that they originate from breast and testicles. There are two vessels to carry Shukra dhatu. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]
There are various other anatomical structures related to shukra dhatu. These can be included in the transport and transformation system of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas).
There are various other anatomical structures related to shukra dhatu. These can be included in the transport and transformation system of shukra dhatu (shukravaha srotas).
The structures are as described below:
The structures are as described below:
===Layer of shukra (shukradharakala):===
=== Layer of shukra (shukradhara kala):===
Kala is the layer in outer coverings of the body observed in sagittal section. The layer of shukra is the innermost layer that is present in the entire body. Shukra dhatu is distributed all over the body in the same manner that the fat in the milk and juice in the sugar cane plant are distributed. [Cha Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/46],.[Su. Sa. ShariraSthana 4/20]
Kala is the layer in outer coverings of the body observed in sagittal section. The layer of shukra is the innermost layer that is present in the entire body. Shukra dhatu is distributed all over the body in the same manner that the fat in the milk and juice in the sugar cane plant are distributed. [Cha Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/46],.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/20]
Some scholars opine that shukradhara kala can be observed as the seminiferous tubules of the testes.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.349</ref>
Some scholars opine that shukradhara kala can be observed as the seminiferous tubules of the testes.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.349</ref>
The mucous membranes of the testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens and prostate in the male and that of the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries in females can be considered as shukradhara kala.
The mucous membranes of the testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens and prostate in the male and that of the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries in females can be considered as shukradhara kala.
===Vessels carrying shukra dhatu (shukravahinidhamani) :===
=== Vessels carrying shukra dhatu (shukravahini dhamani) ===
Two pairs of vessels carrying shukra dhatu (shukravahini dhamani) are listed as channels for transportation. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12] Two more vessels are present for production of semen (shukra)and two are for ejaculation.[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 9/7]
Two pairs of vessels carrying shukra dhatu (shukravahini dhamani) are listed as channels for transportation. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12] Two more vessels are present for production of semen (shukra)and two are for ejaculation.[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 9/7]
====Ejaculation====
The semen (shukra) passes through the ducts situated about 4 cm (two angula) on either side (vas deferens)and just below the neck of the bladder. It is finally ejaculated through urethra. [Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/22]
The semen (shukra) passes through the ducts situated about 4 cm (two angula) on either side (vas deferens)and just below the neck of the bladder. It is finally ejaculated through urethra. [Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/22]
==Functions of shukra dhatu:==
== Functions of shukra dhatu ==
Shukra bestows courage, ejaculation, lust, strength of the body, pleasure, love, and affection. The main function of shukra is reproduction and embryogenesis. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]
Shukra bestows courage, ejaculation, lust, strength of the body, pleasure, love, and affection. The main function of shukra is reproduction and embryogenesis. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]
==Importance in diagnosis ==
==Importance in diagnosis ==
Shukra is one among the ten seats of vitality (dashapranayatanani) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9] Thus extreme depletion of its quality and quantity may lead to death.
Shukra is one among the ten seats of vitality (dashapranayatanani) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9] Thus extreme depletion of its quality and quantity may lead to death.
===Causes of vitiation===
===Causes of vitiation===
The following are the causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of shukra dhatu.[Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/19]
The following are the causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of shukra dhatu.[Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/19]
==== Dietary causes ====
consumption of incompatible food, excessive consumption of dry, bitter, astringent, salty, sour, hot food.
consumption of incompatible food, excessive consumption of dry, bitter, astringent, salty, sour, hot food.
==== Psychological causes ====
anxiety, distress, distrust, apprehension, rage, exorcism.
anxiety, distress, distrust, apprehension, rage, exorcism.
==== Causes related to coitus ====
Excess intercourse, untimely coitus, coitus other than in vagina, or complete abstinence from it(suppression of discharge of semen), unaware of female desire, untimely ejaculation etc.
Excess intercourse, untimely coitus, coitus other than in vagina, or complete abstinence from it(suppression of discharge of semen), unaware of female desire, untimely ejaculation etc.
==== Other causes ====
Excess exercise, senility, improper usage of surgical instruments, alkali (kshara), heat or cautery (agni), emaciation due to other diseases, repression of natural urges, injury, morbidity causing vitiation of dhatus, doshas individually or collectively reaching reproductive system (retovahasrotas) leads to acute disorders of the shukra (semen). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/139]
Excess exercise, senility, improper usage of surgical instruments, alkali (kshara), heat or cautery (agni), emaciation due to other diseases, repression of natural urges, injury, morbidity causing vitiation of dhatus, doshas individually or collectively reaching reproductive system (retovahasrotas) leads to acute disorders of the shukra (semen). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/139]
===Abnormal states===
=== Abnormal states ===
The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of shukra dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by the following clinical features.
The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of shukra dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by the following clinical features.
====Signs of decrease:====
==== Signs of decrease ====
*Debility
*Debility
*Dryness of mouth
*Dryness of mouth
*pallor
*pallor
*Asthenia
*Asthenia
*Fatigue/giddiness
*Fatigue/giddiness
*Impotency
*Impotency
*Pain in penis and testes
*Pain in penis and testes
*Delayed ejaculation, absence of ejaculation
*Delayed ejaculation, absence of ejaculation
*Scanty semen, Semen mixed with blood
*Scanty semen, Semen mixed with blood
*Burning sensation in penis
*Burning sensation in penis
[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/69], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9], [Ash. Sa. Sutra Sthana 19/9]
[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/69], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9], [Ash. Sa. Sutra Sthana 19/9]
====Signs of increase:====
==== Signs of increase ====
*Seminal calculi
*Seminal calculi
*Excessive production of semenor hyperspermia
*Excessive production of semenor hyperspermia
*Excessive libido
*Excessive libido
[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14], [Ash. Sa. Sutra Sthana 19/6]
[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14], [Ash. Sa. Sutra Sthana 19/6]
===Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transport and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas):===
===Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transport and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) ===
*Due to vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas), the person becomes sexually impotent, with lack of libido, and infertile. The spouse is also affected by diseases. There are chances of no conception or frequent abortions. The progeny, if borne, is sick, impotent, and short-lived with congenital abnormalities. Thus, abnormalities of shukra dhatu result in misery for the individual as well as his family.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19]
*Due to vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas), the person becomes sexually impotent, with lack of libido, and infertile. The spouse is also affected by diseases. There are chances of no conception or frequent abortions. The progeny, if borne, is sick, impotent, and short-lived with congenital abnormalities. Thus, abnormalities of shukra dhatu result in misery for the individual as well as his family.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19]
*Injury to the shukravahasrotas leads to impotence, delayed ejaculation, and semen mixed with blood.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]
*Injury to the shukravahasrotas leads to impotence, delayed ejaculation, and semen mixed with blood.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]
==Role of shukra dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases:==
== Role of shukra dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases ==
Shukra dhatu is involved in the pathogenesis of the following diseases:
Shukra dhatu is involved in the pathogenesis of the following diseases:
*In case of fever (jwara), vitiated dosha located in the shukra dhatu cause untimely ejaculation and destruction of shukra. This results in decreased vitality with [[vayu]], [[agni]], and soma components of the subtle body. It is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/82]
*In case of fever (jwara), vitiated dosha located in the shukra dhatu cause untimely ejaculation and destruction of shukra. This results in decreased vitality with [[vayu]], [[agni]], and soma components of the subtle body. It is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/82]
===Characteristics of vitiated semen (shukradushti):===
=== Characteristics of vitiated semen (shukradushti) ===
The vitiated semen is frothy(phenilam), less viscous (tanu), dry with less fluid (ruksha), discolored(vivarnam), putrid(puti), slimy (pichhilam ), afflicted with other dhatus and precipitant. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/139-140].
The vitiated semen is frothy(phenilam), less viscous (tanu), dry with less fluid (ruksha), discolored(vivarnam), putrid(puti), slimy (pichhilam ), afflicted with other dhatus and precipitant. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/139-140].
====Dosha specific features:====
==== Dosha specific features ====
The shukra dhatu affected by [[dosha]] and specific cause show respective characteristics as given below:
The shukra dhatu affected by [[dosha]] and specific cause show respective characteristics as given below:
Affected by [[vata dosha]], [[pitta dosha]], [[kapha dosha]], that having cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass(granthi), foul smelling, pus like(puti-puya), decreased quantity(kshina), mixed with urine(mutraretas) and feces (purisha).[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/3]
Affected by [[vata dosha]], [[pitta dosha]], [[kapha dosha]], that having cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass(granthi), foul smelling, pus like(puti-puya), decreased quantity(kshina), mixed with urine(mutraretas) and feces (purisha).[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/3]
===Abnormalities of Semen:===
=== Abnormalities of Semen ===
Currently, the microscopic study of semen is done as the “seminal analysis”. The abnormalities in semen are observed as below:
Currently, the microscopic study of semen is done as the “seminal analysis”. The abnormalities in semen are observed as below:
*'''Leucospermia''': a high level of white blood cells in semen.
*'''Leucospermia''': a high level of white blood cells in semen.
==Prognosis:==
== Prognosis ==
* In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83].
* In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83].
Vagbhata opines that all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [Ash Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/11]
Vagbhata opines that all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [Ash Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/11]
==Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention: ==
== Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention ==
Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promote corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measures to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.
Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promote corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measures to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.
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==Contemporary approach==
== Contemporary approach ==
In the contemporary approach, the body components related to reproduction are considered under purview of shukra dhatu. Thus, the male and female reproductive systems, their anatomical and physiological aspects are observed under shukra dhatu. The disorders of semen are described mainly in this article. The disorders of female genital tract and menstruation are described in separate contexts with reference to [[Yonivyapat Chikitsa]].
In the contemporary approach, the body components related to reproduction are considered under purview of shukra dhatu. Thus, the male and female reproductive systems, their anatomical and physiological aspects are observed under shukra dhatu. The disorders of semen are described mainly in this article. The disorders of female genital tract and menstruation are described in separate contexts with reference to [[Yonivyapat Chikitsa]].
===Seminogram:===
=== Seminogram ===
The semen analysis also called seminogram or spermiogram which evaluates certain characteristics of semen and the sperm contained therein.
The semen analysis also called seminogram or spermiogram which evaluates certain characteristics of semen and the sperm contained therein.
*'''Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test''': The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.
*'''Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test''': The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.
==Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
Ayurveda text describe the formation of shukra dhatu from majja dhatu. Current research shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have the potential for differentiation. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which make them appropriate for cell therapy. A study conducted to evaluate the healing effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on germinal cells showed that the transplanted BM-MSCs could successfully induce spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of azoospermic hamster. Therefore, BM-MSCs can be an attractive candidate in cell transplantation of azoospermia.<ref> Tamadon A et al, Induction of Spermatogenesis by Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Busulfan-induced Azoospermia in Hamster,Int J Stem Cells. 2015 Nov;8(2):134-45. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.2.134</ref>
Ayurveda text describe the formation of shukra dhatu from majja dhatu. Current research shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have the potential for differentiation. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which make them appropriate for cell therapy. A study conducted to evaluate the healing effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on germinal cells showed that the transplanted BM-MSCs could successfully induce spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of azoospermic hamster. Therefore, BM-MSCs can be an attractive candidate in cell transplantation of azoospermia.<ref> Tamadon A et al, Induction of Spermatogenesis by Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Busulfan-induced Azoospermia in Hamster,Int J Stem Cells. 2015 Nov;8(2):134-45. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.2.134</ref>
===List of theses done===
===List of theses ===
The following research works are done to study the efficacy of various formulation in enhancing virility and treating disorders of vitiation of shukra dhatu.
The following research works are done to study the efficacy of various formulation in enhancing virility and treating disorders of vitiation of shukra dhatu.
#Raja Reddy G.(1999): A comparative pharmaco-therapeutic study of erandamula and kapikacchu bija with special reference to vrishya karma, department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar
# Mangalasseri Prakash (2002): A clinical study of shukragata-vata w.s.r. to premature ejaculation and its management with akarakarabhadi yoga and yapana basti, department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Girish K J (2002): Role of shukrasodhana-janana yoga in the management of ksheena-shukra, department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Kulakarni Hrishikesh(2004): A pharmaco-therapeutic study on putranjeevaka (drypetes roxburghii wall.) w.s.r. to vrishya karma, department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Joshi Kalpesh (2005): Comparative study with mashadi vati and amalaki-bhavit shilajitu in the management of ksheena-shukra (oligospermia), department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Basil Cardozo (2006): A clinical study on psycho-somatic management of shukravrita vata (premature ejaculation) with rasayana yoga and shirodhara, department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Shiromani Mishra (2008): A pharmaco-therapeutic study on kushmanda [benincasahispida (thunb.) cong.] beejaw.s.r. to vrishya karma, department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Vinish Kumar Gupta (2009): The role of akarakarabhadi yoga in the management of kshipramunchan of shukragata vata w.s.r. to premature ejaculation (p.e.), department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Jitesh C Padariya (2010): Effect of pushpadhanva-rasa and swayamgupta ikshurak beejachoorna on kshinashukra(oligozoospermia), department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.
#Rajiv G Amal (2011): The role of gokshuradi yoga in the management of klaibya w.s.r. to erectile dysfunction, department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar
# Prasad Kulkarni (2012): A clinical study on shukragatavata w.s.r. premature ejaculation and its management by stambhanakarak yoga, department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar
==More information ==
===Related Chapters===
[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
=== Abbreviations ===
=== Abbreviations ===