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Majja literally means the marrow. Majja dhatu is the body component similar to bone marrow, the soft organic material that fills the cavities of the bones.(SAT-B.443)  

Majja literally means the marrow. Majja dhatu is the body component similar to bone marrow, the soft organic material that fills the cavities of the bones.(SAT-B.443)<ref>Available from http//namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat accessed on 05/06/2020</ref>

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{{Infobox

==Etymology and derivation==

==Etymology and derivation==

It is derived from the Sanskrit dhatu “majjan” meaning that which is sunken, or seated within, which denotes the marrow of bones and flesh, pith of plants etc.  

It is derived from the Sanskrit dhatu “majjan” meaning that which is sunken, or seated within, which denotes the marrow of bones and flesh, pith of plants etc.<ref>Monier Williams (1899), A Sanskrit–English Dictionary,  new edition, Oxford At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227.</ref>

==Synonyms ==

==Synonyms ==

==Panchabhautika constitution and properties==

==Panchabhautika constitution and properties==

There is a predominance of [[jala mahabhuta]] in majja dhatu. It possesses unctuous(snigdha) and soft (mridu) properties.

There is a predominance of [[jala mahabhuta]] in majja dhatu. It possesses unctuous(snigdha) and soft (mridu) properties.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.323</ref>

   

   

==Formation and metabolism of majja dhatu==

==Formation and metabolism of majja dhatu==

There are two types of bone marrow viz. red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

There are two types of bone marrow viz. red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

   

   

In yellow bone marrow, there is an abundance of fat cells with less amount of blood-forming tissue. In early childhood, red bone marrow is predominantly observed. In adult life, the fatty bone marrow retains the essential reticular structure of the hemopoietic tissue. It is capable of turning into red bone marrow under suitable stimulus like starvation.  

In yellow bone marrow, there is an abundance of fat cells with less amount of blood-forming tissue. In early childhood, red bone marrow is predominantly observed. In adult life, the fatty bone marrow retains the essential reticular structure of the hemopoietic tissue. It is capable of turning into red bone marrow under suitable stimulus like starvation.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.143</ref>

In red bone marrow, there are phagocytic endothelial cells. It is full of erythrocytes in different stages of formation and immensely vascular consisting of arteries, veins, and rich plexus of sinusoids.  

In red bone marrow, there are phagocytic endothelial cells. It is full of erythrocytes in different stages of formation and immensely vascular consisting of arteries, veins, and rich plexus of sinusoid.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.144</ref>

==Function==

==Function==

== Contemporary approach ==

== Contemporary approach ==

Majja dhatu can be referred to as bone marrow tissue in contemporary physiology. The following information is available and can be referred to further understand the concept of majja dhatu.  

Majja dhatu can be referred to as bone marrow tissue in contemporary physiology. The following information is available<ref>Available from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow accessed on 05/06/2020</ref> and can be referred to further understand the concept of majja dhatu.  

===Form and site===

===Form and site===

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.<ref> C., Farhi, Diane (2009). Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells (2nd ed.). Philadelphia Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770934. OCLC 191807944.</ref>

   

   

===Composition===

===Composition===

===Quantity===

===Quantity===

Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans.  

Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans.<ref>Hindorf, C.; Glatting, G.; Chiesa, C.; Lindén, O.; Flux, G. (2010). "EANM Dosimetry Committee guidelines for bone marrow and whole-body dosimetry". Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 37 (6) 1238–1250. doi10.1007/s00259-010-1422-4. PMID 20411259.</ref>

===Functions===  

===Functions===  

Bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis. Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity.  All types of hematopoietic cells, including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are created in the bone marrow; however, lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs (e.g. thymus) in order to complete maturation.

Bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis.<ref>Arikan, Hüseyin; Çiçek, Kerim (2014). "Haematology of amphibians and reptiles a review" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 10 190–209</ref> Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity.<ref>Birbrair, Alexander; Frenette, Paul S. (1 March 2016). "Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1370 (1) 82–96. Bibcode2016NYASA1370...82B. doi10.1111/nyas.13016. ISSN 1749-6632. PMC 4938003. PMID 27015419</ref> All types of hematopoietic cells, including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are created in the bone marrow; however, lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs (e.g. thymus) in order to complete maturation.

'''Mesenchymal stem cells'''  

'''Mesenchymal stem cells'''  

The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).  These are also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.

The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).<ref>Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer (2007). Rubin's Pathology Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7817-9516-6.</ref> These are also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.

===Investigation techniques===  

===Investigation techniques===  

===Donation and transplantation===

===Donation and transplantation===

   

   

Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells,  and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease.

Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells,<ref>Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly Into Brain Cells". Science Daily. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</ref> and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease.

==Current researches ==

==Current researches ==