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→Contemporary approach and current researches
== Contemporary approach and current researches ==
== Contemporary approach and current researches ==
Asthi dhatu is observed in view of bone or osseous tissue in conventional physiology. Bone is the dense and hard connective tissue. Its hardness is due to the deposition of inorganic salts like calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate in an organic matrix. There are three types of bone cells – osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast.
Asthi dhatu is observed in view of bone or osseous tissue in conventional physiology. Bone is the dense and hard connective tissue. Its hardness is due to the deposition of inorganic salts like calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate in an organic matrix. There are three types of bone cells – osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast.
Probable connection in Ayurvedic view of asthi dhatu and conventional views of bone tissue:
Probable connection in Ayurvedic view of asthi dhatu and conventional views of bone tissue:
Sr.No. Concept of Asthi dhatu Bone tissue
{| class="wikitable"
1. Role of [[prithvimahabhuta]] in asthi dhatu Minerals including inorganic salts like calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate make the matrix more dense
|-
2. Role of adipose tissue (meda dhatu) Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is stored in bones.
|Sr.No. || Concept of Asthi dhatu ||Bone tissue
3. Composition of Asthi dhatu Support cells, namely, osteoblasts and osteocytes ;
|-
Remodeling cells, namely, osteoclasts ;
|1. || Role of [[prithvimahabhuta]] in asthi dhatu || Minerals including inorganic salts like calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate make the matrix more dense
Non-mineral matrix of collagen and noncollagenous proteins called osteoid, with inorganic mineral salts deposited within matrix
|-
4. Factors responsible for transformation and metabolism of bone (asthi dhatu agni) Factors responsible for skeletal metabolism:
|2. || Role of adipose tissue (meda dhatu) || Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is stored in bones.
|-
|3. || Composition of Asthi dhatu || Support cells, namely, osteoblasts and osteocytes ;
Remodeling cells, namely, osteoclasts ;Non-mineral matrix of collagen and noncollagenous proteins called osteoid, with inorganic mineral salts deposited within matrix
|-
|4. || Factors responsible for transformation and metabolism of bone (asthi dhatu agni) || Factors responsible for skeletal metabolism:
Calcitropichormones, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin (CT), Vitamin D [1,25(OH 2)D], PTHrP, other hormones, gonadal and adrenal steroids, Thyroid hormones, Growth factors and cytokines
Calcitropichormones, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin (CT), Vitamin D [1,25(OH 2)D], PTHrP, other hormones, gonadal and adrenal steroids, Thyroid hormones, Growth factors and cytokines
5. Formation of asthi dhatu Processes of bone formation, bone resorption and remodeling
|-
6. Nutrition, growth and development (poshana) The factors responsible for skeletal metabolism are responsible for longitudinal and radial growth of boneuptothe age of skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years)
|5. || Formation of asthi dhatu || Processes of bone formation, bone resorption and remodeling
|-
| 6.|| Nutrition, growth and development (poshana) || The factors responsible for skeletal metabolism are responsible for longitudinal and radial growth of boneuptothe age of skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years)
|-
|7.|| Disorders of channels of transport and transformation on asthi dhatu – extra growth of bones || osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, giant cell tumor of bone, aneurysmal bone cyst, leukemia
|}
'''Assessment and investigations:
'''
'''Radiological investigations''':
*X ray, Ultrasound, CT scan and MRI scan are methods used for scanning structural abnormalities, fractures of bones.
*X ray, Ultrasound, CT scan and MRI scan are methods used for scanning structural abnormalities, fractures of bones.
*Nuclear imaging technique ‘Bone scan’ is used to detect the bone cancers.
*Nuclear imaging technique ‘Bone scan’ is used to detect the bone cancers.
*Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is used to measure bone mineral density. It is used to diagnose osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Current researches :
*Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is used to measure bone mineral density. It is used to diagnose osteopenia and osteoporosis.
==Current researches:==
Growth factors produced by stem cells aid in the bone repair process. Current researches investigated the ability of encapsulated rat adipose‐derived stem cells (rASCs) treated with osteogenic media (OM) to produce growth factors, and determined the optimal combination of OM components that will lead to the production of both osteogenic and angiogenic factors. The results demonstrate that microencapsulated stem cells were able to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor‐2, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP2) necessary for bone regeneration.
Growth factors produced by stem cells aid in the bone repair process. Current researches investigated the ability of encapsulated rat adipose‐derived stem cells (rASCs) treated with osteogenic media (OM) to produce growth factors, and determined the optimal combination of OM components that will lead to the production of both osteogenic and angiogenic factors. The results demonstrate that microencapsulated stem cells were able to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor‐2, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP2) necessary for bone regeneration.
Bone tissue engineering:
'''Bone tissue engineering''':
• The successful regeneration of bone tissue to replace areas of bone loss in large defects or at load-bearing sites remains a significant clinical challenge. Over the past few decades, major progress is achieved in the field of bone tissue engineering to provide alternative therapies, particularly through approaches that are at the interface of biology and engineering. The major components of bone tissue engineering are the scaffold, cells, and growth factors. The recent advancements in developing scaffolds that can mimic the natural extracellular matrix of bone using two main fabrication techniques, electrospinning and thermally-induced phase separation, and incorporating bone-like minerals, such as hydroxyapatite, composite nanofibrous scaffolds can improve cell adhesion, stem cell differentiation, and tissue formation.
• The successful regeneration of bone tissue to replace areas of bone loss in large defects or at load-bearing sites remains a significant clinical challenge. Over the past few decades, major progress is achieved in the field of bone tissue engineering to provide alternative therapies, particularly through approaches that are at the interface of biology and engineering. The major components of bone tissue engineering are the scaffold, cells, and growth factors. The recent advancements in developing scaffolds that can mimic the natural extracellular matrix of bone using two main fabrication techniques, electrospinning and thermally-induced phase separation, and incorporating bone-like minerals, such as hydroxyapatite, composite nanofibrous scaffolds can improve cell adhesion, stem cell differentiation, and tissue formation.
Scope of further research: Osteoarthritis (OA) is degenerative joint disorder, represents failure of the diarthrodial (movable, synovial-lined) joint. OA of knee joint comes under the inflammatory group which is almost identical to sandhigatavata described in Ayurveda with respect to etiology, pathology, and clinical features.Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burn)is observed effective nonpharmacological, parasurgical procedure for pain management in SandhigataVata (OA of knee joint). ,
'''Scope of further research:'''
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder, represents failure of the diarthrodial (movable, synovial-lined) joint. OA of knee joint comes under the inflammatory group which is almost identical to sandhigatavata described in Ayurveda with respect to etiology, pathology, and clinical features. Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burn)is an observed effective nonpharmacological, para surgical procedure for pain management in SandhigataVata (OA of knee joint).
* The role of enema therapy in various disorders of bone tissue is an important topic of research. Many researches are carried out in this area as listed below. However precise studies are required to be done for the effect of enema therapy at various levels of bone metabolism and factors responsible for growth.
* The role of enema therapy in various disorders of bone tissue is an important topic of research. Many researches are carried out in this area as listed below. However precise studies are required to be done for the effect of enema therapy at various levels of bone metabolism and factors responsible for growth.
===List of theses done===
===List of theses done===
1.Alpesh Joshi(2004) : A clinical study on the role of matrabasti and shamana yoga in the management of sandhivata (osteoarthritis), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
1.Alpesh Joshi(2004) : A clinical study on the role of matrabasti and shamana yoga in the management of sandhivata (osteoarthritis), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
2.Mayuri Shah (2006):A comparative study of matrabasti and some indigenous compound drug in the management of sandhigatavata (osteoarthritis), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
2.Mayuri Shah (2006):A comparative study of matrabasti and some indigenous compound drug in the management of sandhigatavata (osteoarthritis), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
3.Md. Babul akter(2006) : Clinical study on sandhigatavata with special reference to osteoarthritis and its management by panchatiktaghritaguggulu, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
3.Md. Babul akter(2006) : Clinical study on sandhigatavata with special reference to osteoarthritis and its management by panchatiktaghritaguggulu, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
4.Dhaval M Dholakiya(2012) : A clinical study on sandhigatavata (osteoarthritis) and its management with dashmoolaghrita and nirgundi tail, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
4.Dhaval M Dholakiya(2012) : A clinical study on sandhigatavata (osteoarthritis) and its management with dashmoolaghrita and nirgundi tail, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
5.Patel Kalapi B (2001) : A clinical study on the development of subtype of abhyanga with reference to its role in the management of griva-hundana (cervical spondylosis) , Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
5.Patel Kalapi B (2001) : A clinical study on the development of subtype of abhyanga with reference to its role in the management of griva-hundana (cervical spondylosis) , Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
6.Praveen Kumar KC (2005):Effect of vachadiupanaha and vachadighana-vati in sandhigata-vataw.s.r. to osteoarthritis, department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
6.Praveen Kumar KC (2005):Effect of vachadiupanaha and vachadighana-vati in sandhigata-vataw.s.r. to osteoarthritis, department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
7.Jayadipkumar P Shah(2008): Effect of tiktakshirabasti and patrapindasweda in the management of cervical spondylosis (asthigatavata), Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
7.Jayadipkumar P Shah(2008): Effect of tiktakshirabasti and patrapindasweda in the management of cervical spondylosis (asthigatavata), Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
8.Ajay K Gupta (2010):Effect of majjabasti&asthishrinkhala in the management of osteoporosis w.s.r. to asthi-majjakshaya-a clinical study, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
8.Ajay K Gupta (2010):Effect of majjabasti&asthishrinkhala in the management of osteoporosis w.s.r. to asthi-majjakshaya-a clinical study, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
9.Saurabh R Bhuva(2012) : A comparative study of matrabasti and brimhanasnehana by asthishrinkhalaghrita in the management of asthi-majjakshayaw.s.r. to osteopenia / osteoporosis, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
9.Saurabh R Bhuva(2012) : A comparative study of matrabasti and brimhanasnehana by asthishrinkhalaghrita in the management of asthi-majjakshayaw.s.r. to osteopenia / osteoporosis, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
10.Chugh Deepa Surender Pal (2014): A comparative study of shwadanshtradibasti and chitrakadighrita in management of sandhivata with special reference to osteoarthritis, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
10.Chugh Deepa Surender Pal (2014): A comparative study of shwadanshtradibasti and chitrakadighrita in management of sandhivata with special reference to osteoarthritis, Department of Panchakarma, IPGT &RA Jamnagar.
==More information ==
==More information ==
[[ VividhashitapitiyaAdhyaya]]
[[ VividhashitapitiyaAdhyaya]]