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Vajikarana Chikitsa (view source)

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|title=Vajikarana Chikitsa Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Vajikarana, Shukra, Vrishya, libido, sexual dysfunctions, infertility, healthy progeny

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|keywords=Vajikarana, Shukra, Vrishya, libido, sexual dysfunctions, infertility, healthy progeny,Aphrodisiac, ayurveda, charak samhita

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|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 2.~~Vajikaran Chikitsa (~~Aphrodisiac therapy, virility and treatment of sexual dysfunctions)

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|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 2. Aphrodisiac therapy, virility and treatment of sexual dysfunctions

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<big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 2.~~Vajikaran Chikitsa (~~Aphrodisiac therapy, virility and treatment of sexual dysfunctions)'''</big>

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<big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 2. Aphrodisiac therapy, virility and treatment of sexual dysfunctions'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

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|data1 = [[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 2

|label2 = Preceding Chapter

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|data2 = [[Rasayana]]

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|data2 = [[Rasayana Chikitsa]]

|label3= Succeeding Chapter

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== Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

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==== I- ''Samyogasharamuliya Vajikarana pada'' ====

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=== I- ''Samyogasharamuliya Vajikarana pada'' ===

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</div></div>

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We shall ~~now~~ expound the first quarter section entitled ''Samyoga Sharamooliya'' on the virilification. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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Now We shall expound the first quarter section entitled ''Samyoga Sharamooliya'' on the virilification. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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===== Importance of ''vajikarana'' and woman as the best for virilification =====

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==== Importance of ''vajikarana'' and woman as the best for virilification ====

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The best agent for virilification is a sexually excited female partner. Every sense can give immense pleasure, when involved separately (in act of sexual satisfaction); then what can be said (about the pleasure), if a woman whose all senses are extremely excited (for sexual satisfaction). In a woman only, all the sense objects are collected together (to give pleasure). Therefore, this type of woman can give maximum pleasure to a man. The woman is the most lovable object for a man. It is the woman, who procreates children. Righteousness, wealth, auspiciousness and the entire universe are established in a woman. The woman, who is good looking, young, endowed with auspicious signs, amiable and skilled, acts as the best virilific. [3-7]

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===== Characteristics of good woman best for virilification =====

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==== Characteristics of good woman best for virilification ====

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The person, who is healthy and desirous of a child, should enter in to sexual intercourse with a woman who belongs to a different clan, who is free from diseases, who is sexually excited, cheerful and who has taken her post menstrual purifacatory bath. [8-15]

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===== Disregard of childless person and benefits of ''vajikarana'' =====

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==== Disregard of childless person and benefits of ''vajikarana'' ====

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While, the person having numerous progeny is praised as one possessing a multiplicity of forms, having many faces, many dimensions, having lot of activities and having many eyes and also having intellect and soul. Such kind of a person is auspicious, praiseworthy, blessed, virile and the source of many genealogical branches. Affection, strength, happiness, livelihood, wide spread influence, vastness of kinsmen, fame, utility of the world which gives happiness latter on and pleasure are all dependent up on progeny. Therefore, a person desirous of progeny and the qualities associated with them should always take the virilifying medications if he wants satisfaction of the worldly desires and happiness. [16-23]

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===== Various preparations for improving virility =====

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==== Various preparations for improving virility ====

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====== ''Brimhani Gutika'' ======

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==== ''Brimhani Gutika'' ====

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Three ''palas'' (1 ''pala''=approx.40 gram) of each of the roots of ''shara'' and sugarcane, giant sugarcane, ''ikshubaalika'', ''shatavari'', ''payasya, vidari, kantakari, jeevanti, jeevaka, meda, beera, rishbhaka, bala, ridhi, gokshura, raasna, atmagupta,'' and ''punarnava'' should be mixed with one ''adhaka'' of freshly collected ''masha'' and boiled in one ''drona'' of water till one fourth remains. After that, the paste of ''madhuka, draksha, falgu, pippali, atmagupta, madhuka, kharhura, shatavari, vidari, amalaki'' and the juice of sugarcane should be separately added and one ''adhaka'' of ghee and one ''drona'' of milk should be mixed to it. After boiling this should be filtered and one ''prastha'' of each of sugar and the powder of ''tugakshiri'', four ''palas'' of ''pippali'', one ''pala'' of ''maricha'', half ''pala'' each of the powder of ''twak, ela'' and saffron and two ''kudava'' of honey should be added. Now, semi-solid pills of size of one ''pala'' each in quantity should be prepared. This preparation is highly virilific, nourishing and promoter of strength. On administration of these pills, the person gets stallion like vigor in sexual intercourse. (Formulation: ''Brimhani Ghutika'') [24-32]

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====== ''Vajikarana Ghritam'' ======

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==== ''Vajikarana Ghritam'' ====

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Decoction of one ''adhaka'' each of freshly collected ''masha'', seeds of ''atmagupta, jeevaka, rishbhaka, veera, meda, riddhi, shatavari, madhuka'' and ''ashwagandha'' should be prepared and one ''prastha'' of cow’s ghee, ten ''prastha'' of milk, one ''prastha'' of each of juice of ''vidari'' and sugarcane should be added. After that four ''palas'' of each of sugar ''tugakshiri'', and honey and one ''pala'' of ''pippali'' should be added to it. By taking one ''pala'' of this medicated ghee, the man should take food, if he wishes to have an inexhaustible store of semen and great phallic strength. (Formulation: ''Vajikarana Ghrita'') [33-38]

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====== ''Vajikarana Pinda Rasa'' ======

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==== ''Vajikarana Pinda Rasa'' ====

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(Formulation: ''Vajikarana Pinda Rasa'') [38-41]

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====== Various other formulations ======

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==== Various other formulations ====

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A person, who takes these virilifying preparations in due dose and at a proper time, when his body channels have been cleaned, attains the virility, nourishment and strength. Depending up on the strength of the person, purification should be done before he starts these aphrodisiac recipes, as a dirty cloth does not get properly colored, similarly in an uncleaned body, the aphrodisiac recipes do not produce the desired effects. [50-51]

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===== Summary =====

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==== Summary ====

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In this quarter entitled, ''Samyoga Sharamooliya'', the importance of aphrodisiac therapy, qualities of the woman who is a proper sexual partner for a man, the disadvantages of men without progeny and the advantages of those with progeny, and the fifteen preparations for increasing the semen, progeny and providing nourishment and strength have been described. [52-53]

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==== II-''Asikta Ksheerika Vajikarana pada'' ====

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=== II-''Asikta Ksheerika Vajikarana pada'' ===

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We shall now expound the second quarter entitled ''Asiktakshirika'' on the virilification. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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===== Various formulations =====

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==== Various formulations ====

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====== ''Apatyakari Shashtikadi Gutika'' ======

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==== ''Apatyakari Shashtikadi Gutika'' ====

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Cleaned ''shashtika'' rice soaked in and completely saturated with milk, and when these are still wet, these should be crushed in pestle and mortar, after that by squeezing take that juice and mix it with cow’s milk, and the juice of the seeds of cowage, juice of coriander and black gram, and boil it. While boiling, the decoctions of ''shurpa parni, jeevanti, jeevaka, vriddhi, rishbhaka, kakoli, shwadamstra, madhuka, shatavri, vidari, draksha'' and ''kharjura'' should be added. At the end of boiling, add the powders of ''tugakshiri, masha, shali, shashtika'' and ''godhuma'' in such a way that the juice gets thickened. In that thickened juice, add honey and sugar in adequate quantity and pills should be prepared of the size of a ''badara'' and fried in ghee. Depending upon the digestive power of the individual, these pills should be administered with a diet of milk and meat juice. By taking this potion, even an old man becomes capable of procreating many children, and he enjoys undiminished secretion of semen.[3-9]

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====== ''Vrishya Pupalikadi'' formulation ======

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==== ''Vrishya Pupalikadi'' formulation ====

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The physician should collect semen of the sparrow, swan, chicken, peacock, estruant crocodile, and the nekoo crocodile. He should also collect cow’s ghee, boar fat and sparrow fat, the flour of the ''shashtika'' rice and of wheat. With these drugs, ''pupalika, shashkuli, vartika, pupa, dhana,'' and such other varieties of eatables should be prepared. By the administration of these preparations, man becomes fully potent and with strongly erected genital organ, enjoys optimum sexual delight in women with stallion vigor. [10-13]

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====== ''Apatyakara Swarasa'' ======

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==== ''Apatyakara Swarasa'' ====

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Take seeds of ''atmagupta, masha, kharjura, shatavari, shringataka'' and ''mridvika'' in the quantity of one ''prasrita'' and boil with one ''prastha'' of milk and one ''prastha'' of water, till one ''prastha'' remains. Then after, this should be filtered in a piece of cloth and after that mix it with three ''prastha'' of sugar, ''tugakshiri'', and freshly collected ghee. This should be taken with honey followed by a meal of ''shashtika'' rice. By this preparation, even an old and a weak person becomes capable of procreating many children and acquires the virility of youth. [14-17]

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====== ''Vrishya Ksheera'' (milk) ======

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==== ''Vrishya Ksheera'' (milk) ====

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Take ''kharjuri mastaka, masha, payasya, shatavari, kharjura, madhuka, mridvika'' and the fruit of ''ajada'' (''Shuka Shimbi'') in the quantity of one ''pala'' each with one ''adhaka'' of water till the whole is reduced to one fourth of the quantity. Then it should be cooked again in one ''prastha'' of milk till only milk remains. It should be taken with cooked ''shashtika'' rice, mixed liberally with ghee and with sugar. This is an excellent aphrodisiac. [18-20]

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====== ''Vrishya Ghrita'' ======

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==== ''Vrishya Ghrita'' ====

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''Jeevaka, rishbhaka, meda, jeevanti,'' both types of ''shravani, kharjura, madhuka, draksha, pippali, vishwabheshaja, shringataka, vidari,'' freshly collected ghee, milk and water should be boiled together till ghee remains and then it should be mixed with one fourth of its quantity of sugar and honey. Depending up on the digestive power, it should be taken along with ''shashtika'' type of rice. This is an excellent recipe to promote virility, strength, complexion, voice and nourishment. [21-23]

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====== ''Vrishya Dadhisara'' (cream of curd) ======

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==== ''Vrishya Dadhisara'' (cream of curd) ====

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The cream of curd which is white as the autumnal moon and free from impurities, should be added with sugar, honey, ''maricha'' and ''tugakshiri'' by a wise physician, and to this ''sukshma ela'' should be added in appropriate quantity and then after it should be strained through a clean piece of cloth into a new earthen jar. This should be added with ''shashtika'' type of rice mixed with liberal quantity of ghee. This ''rasala'' should be taken in appropriate quantity and after that ''shashtika'' type of rice should be taken. This recipe promotes the complexion, voice strength and the virility of the man. [24-26]

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====== ''Vrishya Shashtika Odana'' (rice) ======

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==== ''Vrishya Shashtika Odana'' (rice) ====

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One who takes the ''shashtika'' rice which is white like the rays of moon, along with milk and ghee in liberal quantity, sugar and honey, gets virilified. [27]

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====== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' ======

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==== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' ====

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The eggs of the crocodile and chicken should be fried in ghee and then it should be mixed with the powder of ''shashtika'' rice and the whole thing should be boiled in ghee. Out of this, pan cakes should be prepared. These sweet pan cakes should be taken followed by ''manda'' of ''varuni'', if he desires to have sexual intercourse the day after, and if he wants to indulge in it with the vigor of an elephant. [28-29]

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===== Benefits =====

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==== Benefits ====

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By the systematic course of these recipes, man is endowed with adequate quantity of semen, strength and complexion and is capable of mating with the best of women with all the virility of a young horse of eight years of age. Whatever things gladden the heart, such as pleasant groves, ponds, hills, pleasing women, ornaments, perfumes, garlands and beloved friends and such other things which are liked by the man- all these acts as stimulating agents of virility. [30-31]

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===== Summary =====

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==== Summary ====

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The eight preparations that are described in this quarter entitled ''Asikti Kshirika'' should be restored to by those who are desirous of manliness and progeny. [32]

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==== III- ''Mashaparnabhritiya Vajikarana pada'' ====

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=== III- ''Mashaparnabhritiya Vajikarana pada'' ===

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We shall now expound the third quarter section entitled ''Mashaparnabhritiya'' on the virilification. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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===== Specific cow’s milk for ''vajikarana'' =====

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==== Specific cow’s milk for ''vajikarana'' ====

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The wise man should rear a cow which is fed with the leaves of ''masha''(black gram), stalks of sugar cane and leaves of ''arjuna'', which has calved for the first time, which is well nourished and has four teats, which has a living calf of identical color, which is red or black in color, whose horns are projected upwards and is not fierce and whose milk is thick. This milk can be taken either boiled or fresh or mixed with sugar, honey and ghee for excellent virilific action. [3-5]

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===== Processing of milk for increasing semen =====

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==== Processing of milk for increasing semen ====

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The milk of above mentioned cow, when boiled with gold coins and then mixed with ghee, honey and sugar, is a tested procreant preparation. [11]

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===== ''Vrishya Pippali'' and ''Payas'' formulation =====

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==== ''Vrishya Pippali'' and ''Payas'' formulation ====

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''Payasya'' made from ''masha'' and ''shashtika'' cooked in the juice of ''shvadamstra, vidari'' and four times of milk along with liberal quantity of ghee, acts as a virilific.[13-14]

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===== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' ====

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One ''kudava'' of each of the powders of fruits of ''jeevaniya, snigdha, ruchikara'' should be mixed with one ''kudava'' of each of the powders of the fruits of ''svayamgupta'' and ''masha'' and two ''kudava'' each of ''tila'' and ''mudga'', one ''kudava'' of each of the powders of ''godhuma'' and ''shali'', and one ''kudava'' of ghee. All these should be ground in milk and by boiling, ''pupalika'' should be prepared. These should be taken by a person who has many wives.[15-17]

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===== ''Shatavari Ghrita'' =====

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==== ''Shatavari Ghrita'' ====

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Ghee prepared with ''shatavari'', ten times of milk along with sugar, ''pippali'' and honey acts as an excellent virilific.[18]

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===== ''Vrishya Madhuka'' powder formulation =====

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==== ''Vrishya Madhuka'' powder formulation ====

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The person, who takes one ''karsha'' of the powder of ''madhuka'' mixed with equal quantity of ghee and honey followed by milk, gets sexual urge every day.[19]

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===== Factors influencing virility =====

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==== Factors influencing virility ====

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Big ponds with lotus flowers frequented by honey-intoxicated bees, fragrances of jasmines and blue lotuses and underground rooms which are cold, rivers with waves of foam, mountains with blue peaks, onset of dark clouds, pleasant moonlit nights, pleasant wind with smell of the pond full of ''kumuda'' (water lily), nights that are agreeable for sexual enjoyment, women smeared with saffron and ''aguru'', pleasing companions, rich cooing of the cuckoo bird, gardens in bloom, pleasing food and drinks, musical sounds, perfumed articles, broad mind and free from anxiety, accomplishment of the objective, freshly initiated love and women- these are the weapons of cupid (the god of sex) at the start of youth, sexual excitement, and pleasing times are excellent erotic factors for men.[20-30]

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===== Summary =====

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==== Summary ====

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In this sub-section on ''Mashaparnabhritiya'', fifteen preparations for virilification which also promote semen as well as strength, have been described.

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====IV - ''Pumanjatabaladiko Vajikarana pada'' ====

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===IV - ''Pumanjatabaladiko Vajikarana pada'' ===

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We shall now expound the fourth quarter entitled ''Pumana jata Baladika'' on the Virilification. Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

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===== Variables in virility =====

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==== Variables in virility ====

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To the persons, enema prepared from ghee, oil, meat juice, milk, sugar and honey should be administered. During this therapy, the person shall consume milk and meat juice [3-10]

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===== ''Vrishya Mamsa Gutika'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Mamsa Gutika'' ====

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Pork should be made to a paste and mix it with black pepper and rock salt, and after that pills of size of a ''kola'', should be prepared and fried in ghee. On becoming hard by frying, these should be poured in to chicken soup mixed with large amount of ghee and powdered spices, curd and juice of pomegranate. This juice should be cooked with due care so that the pills do not break. By administration of this soup and the pills, the person acquires inexhaustible semen. Similarly, the physician should prepare the meat juice and the pills of the meat of other fatty animals. These recipes are promoters of semen. [11-14]

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===== ''Vrishya Mahisha Rasa'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Mahisha Rasa'' ====

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Clean, husked and sprouted grains of ''masha'' should be mixed with the fruits of ''ajada'' and after that these should be added to the soup of meat of buffalo, mixed with large amount of ghee, curd and juice of the pomegranate, coriander, cumin seeds and ginger in appropriate quantity. This potion should be administered to produce inexhaustible semen. [15-16]

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===== ''Vrishya Matsya-Mamsa'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Matsya-Mamsa'' ====

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Fresh fish and meat or ''shaphari'' (a type of fish), well fried in ghee, when administered, the person doesn’t get tired in the sex act. One, who is desirous of progeny, should take the ''rohita'' fish, fried in ghee and mixed with the soup of meat of goat and the juice of fruits. After that unctuous soup should be taken by the person.[17-18]

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===== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Pupalika'' ====

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One ''tula'' of each of sugar and cow’s ghee, one ''prastha'' of each of the powder of ''vidari'' and ''pippali'' and half ''adhaka'' each of ''tugakshiri'' and fresh honey should be mixed and preserved in earthen jar lined with ghee. This potion should be taken in appropriate quantity every morning depending up on the digestive power. This preparation is an excellent virilific, strengthener and roborant.[23-27]

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===== ''Apatyakara Ghrita'' =====

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==== ''Apatyakara Ghrita'' ====

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Decoction of ''shatavari, vidari, masha, atmagupta'' and ''shwadamstra'' by boiling them separately in water should be prepared. Along with this decoction, one ''prastha'' of ghee should be boiled with eight times of milk. This ghee should be mixed with sugar and honey. This should be taken by the person who is desirous of progeny.[28-29]

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===== ''Vrishya Gutika'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Gutika'' ====

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One ''patra'' of ghee should be cooked in 100 times of juice of ''vidari''. After that it should be cooked in with 100 times of cow’s milk. Then it should be mixed with one fourth in quantity of ''sharkara, tugakshiri,'' honey, ''ikshuraka, pippali'' and ''ajada''. The pills of the size of fruit of ''udumbara'' should be made out of this preparation. By taking these pills, the person gets excited like a ''kulinga'' (sparrow).[30-32]

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===== ''Vrishya Utkarika'' =====

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==== ''Vrishya Utkarika'' ====

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One hundred ''palas'' of ''sitopala'', 50 ''palas'' of freshly collected ghee, and 25 ''palas'' of honey should be cooked together with 25 ''palas'' of water till it becomes thickened. After that it should be mixed with 25 ''palas'' of wheat flour and the paste then prepared should be spread over a clean and smooth stone slab. It should be kneaded by repeatedly spreading it. After that, ''utkarikas'' which are round and shining like moon, should be prepared. By taking these ''utkarikas'', man becomes capable of doing sexual act in an elephant’s vigor. [33-35]

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===== Description of ''Vrishya'' =====

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==== Description of ''Vrishya'' ====

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The semen gets diminished by old age, worry, anxiety, diseases, overexertion, fasting and excessive sexual indulgence. By consumption, fear, suspicion and grief, by seeing the deformities in woman, by non excitation of the woman, absence of passionate determination, by abstention from sex and just after full sexual enjoyment, a man is rendered incapable of mating with a woman. This depends on strength of the body and mind.[36-45]

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===== Description of ''Shukra'' =====

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==== Description of ''Shukra'' ====

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The semen trickles down from its site during copulation between man and woman because of sex act, passionate attachment, and physical pressure, as water comes out of a wet cloth when squeezed. The semen is ejaculated from the body as a result of these eight factors- excitement, excessive desire, fluidity, viscosity, heaviness, atomicity and the tendency to flow out and the speedy motion of ''vata''. The un-manifested soul which takes different forms in this world, manifests itself in the form of semen.[46-49]

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===== Characteristics of ''Shukra'' =====

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==== Characteristics of ''Shukra'' ====

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The semen which is thick, sweet, unctuous, without any putrid smell, heavy, viscid, white in color, and abundant in quantity, invariably helps in procreation. This is undoubtful about the semen.[50]

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===== ''Vajikarana'' =====

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==== ''Vajikarana'' ====

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That process, which make a man capable of copulation with woman frequently and for a long time with stallion vigor, is called [[Vajikarana]].[51]

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===== Summary =====

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==== Summary ====

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For many years, decline in human semen quality and fertility rates has been a concern.<ref>MacLeod J, Heim L M. Characteristics and variations in semen specimens in 100 normal young men. Journal of Urology. 1945;54:474–482.</ref> Environmental and occupational pollutants, changes in lifestyles, exposure to toxic agents, and changes in dietary habits are observed among the most commonly cited factors associated with these declines.<ref>Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde ER, Weber RF, van Kooij RJ, Veulemans H, Heederik DJ, Occupationally related exposures and reduced semen quality: a case-control study, Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr; 71(4):690-6.</ref> The environmental and lifestyle factors causing subfertility shall be targeted for curative or preventive measures. Environmental stress causes increase in the number of free radicals (i.e., hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and reactive oxygen species [ROS] that cause apoptosis in the spermatogenic cell.<ref>Wang X, Sharma RK, Sikka SC. Oxidative stress is associated with increased apoptosis leading to spermatoozoa DNA damage in patients with male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:531–5.</ref> Chronic or severe stress leads to anovulation and amenorrhea in women <ref>Barnea, E. R., and Tal, J. Stress-r elated reproductive failure. J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transfer 8: 15-23 (1991).</ref> and to decrease in sperm count, motility, and morphology in men.<ref>McGrady, A. V. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch. Androl. 131: 1-10 (1984).</ref> Smoking,<ref>Goverde HJ, Dekker HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA.,Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 May-Jun;40(3):135-8.</ref> alcohol,<ref>Joo KJ, Kwon YW, Myung SC, Kim TH, The effects of smoking and alcohol intake on sperm quality: light and transmission electron microscopy findings. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(6):2327-35.</ref> caffeine,<ref>Vine MF, Setzer RW Jr, Everson RB, Wyrobek AJ, Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Mar-Jun;11(2-3):179-84.</ref> pesticides, air pollution,<ref>Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP, Environmental factors and semen quality.Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2009;22(4):305-29.</ref> bisphenol A,<ref>Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulova AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP. Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells. Endocrinology. 2004;145:592–603</ref> diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardio-vascular disease are related to deterioration of reproductive health<ref>Sunil Kumar, Archana Kumari, Shiva, Murarka, Lifestyle factors in deteriorating male reproductive health, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 47, August 2009, pp.615-624.</ref> by affecting sperm quality.

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==== Role of diet in ''vajikarana'' ====

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=== Role of diet in ''vajikarana'' ===

Nutrition status is also a major cause of sub-fertility. Sexual dysfunction due to malnutrition can be easily overcome. Nutrition is important for DNA synthesis leading to development of spermatozoa and oocytes. Diet also provides exogenous antioxidants (vitamins C and E). Dietary formulations mentioned are perfect amalgamation of energy and nutrients required for production and maturation of sperm.

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Various simple dietary preparations which can increase quantity as well as quality of sperm are mentioned. The substance acts in various modes in the body, one of those is the principle of ''dravya samanya'' (similarity in substance) i.e. consumption of food item similar to body tissues increase them due to similar constitution. Keeping this fact in mind semen of different animals has been used with fat. ''Snigdha dravya'' (unctuous substances) increase semen by similar properties. However, this mode of therapy may not have individual acceptance or practical in current period so principle of ''guna samanya'' (''dravya'' with similar properties) may be used.

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===== Role of milk and dairy products =====

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==== Role of milk and dairy products ====

Milk is integral to Ayurvedic diet regime. In the list of best factors for sustaining life, milk is considered best among all substances providing life (Cha.Su.25/40). Milk has a nutrition value as it provides essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, and affects absorption of nutrients. Milk fat has a wide-ranging spectrum of fatty acids and lipids. Milk protein is rich in amino acids leading to stimulation of muscle synthesis, positive health effects on blood pressure, inflammation, oxidation and tissue development.

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In [[Ayurveda]], milk has been said to have beneficial effect on semen quality. However, in present era due to change in feeding regime of dairy animals, composition of milk might have been changed. This change has resulted into increase in estrogens, fat content etc. which are attributed to cause adverse effect on semen quality. Few researches have claimed that milk and dairy products have negative effect on semen as observed in male mice.<ref>Ma YX, Ebine N, Aoki K, Kusunoki M, Misumi J, Effects of cow's milk on reproduction in ICR male mice, Biomed Environ Sci. 2009 Apr;22(2):161-3.</ref> In another study, intake of full-fat dairy was observed inversely related to sperm motility and morphology.<ref>Afeiche M, Williams PL, Mendiola J, Gaskins AJ, Jørgensen N, Swan SH,Chavarro JE., Dairy food intake in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among physically active young men. Hum Reprod 2013 Aug;28(8):2265-75</ref> High intake of saturated fats was negatively related to sperm concentration whereas higher intake of omega-3 fats was positively related to sperm morphology.<ref>Jill A. Attaman et al., Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic, Hum. Reprod. (2012) doi: 10.1093/humrep/des065</ref> It has been suggested that environmental estrogens could be responsible for the decline in sperm counts.

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===== Feeding of animal affects quality of milk =====

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==== Feeding of animal affects quality of milk ====

Milk composition can be altered by the feeding regime of cow. Content of several fatty acids such as c9, t11-CLA and the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are affected by the amount of grass and supplemental feeds (concentrate) in the diet. Milk content of several vitamins and minerals are also influenced by the cow's diet.<ref>Anna Haug, Arne T Hostmark, and Odd M Harstad Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review, Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6: 25.</ref> In a study it was found that concentrations of micro-components like CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows.<ref>Lock AL, Bauman DE, Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health, Lipids, 2004 Dec;39(12):1197-206</ref> In another study effect of diet and cooling interactions on milk composition were studied in cows. So, it can be said that diet definitely affects milk composition and in turn effects are also modulated. If cow is fed with ''masha'' then the qualities of milk will increase and thus such milk is said to be good aphrodisiac that have more beneficial effects on sperm quality. Masha itself has properties of increasing ''shukra'' as it has ''snigdha'' and ''madhura'' qualities.

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According to [[Ayurveda]], cow milk is better than other milk. Beneficial role of cow’s milk has been established by some recent researches. A study unambiguously clarified at the cellular level that cow's milk increased the activities of human PPARalpha, PPARdelta, and RXRalpha. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating energy homeostasis including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival because PPAR agonists have the potential to prevent or ameliorate diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity.<ref>Suhara W, Koide H, Okuzawa T, Hayashi D, Hashimoto T, Kojo H., Cow's milk increases the activities of human nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta and retinoid X receptor alpha involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, obesity, and inflammation, J Dairy Sci. 2009 Sep;92(9):4180-7</ref> Milk is itself regarded as ''Sadyo Shukrakara'' (means instant aphrodisiac) in [[Ayurveda]] as it increases sperm quality soon after the consumption.

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===== Rice and its preparation with milk =====

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==== Rice and its preparation with milk ====

''Shashitika'' rice is ''snigdha, madhura'' and ''sheeta'' and so by Ayurvedic principle of ''guna samanya'' (similar properties) it helps in improving semen quality.<ref>Chakrapani, Charak Samhita of Charak with [[Ayurveda]] Dipika commentary, Sutrasthana, 5/3, Rastriya Sanskrit Sansthana, Delhi, 2006.</ref> ''Balya'' and ''brimhaniya'' drugs are added to rice for increasing strength of patient. ''Masha, shali, shashtika, godhuma'' provide combination of both carbohydrate and protein. It can be taken with milk and meat juice which again adds nutritive value. As digestive power varies with persons, dose fixation should be done individually after assessment of ''agni''.

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''Payasa'' is dietary preparation which is popular as sweet dish in India. It is prepared from combination of milk and rice. It has property to increase sperm quality. If made from various aphrodisiac drugs its effect is much more. ''Payasa'' is included in normal diet regime so it can be easy aphrodisiac formulation by changing contents of ''Payasa''.

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==== Ghee ====

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=== Ghee ===

Clarified butter (''ghrita'' or ghee) is used as aphrodisiac because it is considered good for ''rasa, shukra'' and ''ojas'' ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/14). Intake of regular ghrita and milk is said to be best ''rasayana'' in ''Agrya Prakrana'' by Charak. Ghee is used as processing media that carries the therapeutic properties of herbs to all the body's tissues. Proper metabolism of drug is crucial in obtaining the maximum benefit. The lipophilic action of ghee facilitates transportation to a target organ and final delivery inside the cell, since the cell membrane also contains lipid. The effect of herb increases when it is used with ghee as compared to powder or tablet form.<ref> Illingworth D, Patil GR, Tamime AY. Anhydrous milk fat manufacture and fractionation. In: Tamime AY, editor. Dairy Fats and Related Products. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.</ref> ''Rasala'' has been said to be ''balya'' and ''shukrala'' (Bhavaprakasha Purva Khanda-12/124-127).

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''Pupalika'' is a dietary preparation which increases strength and sexual power. When prepared with potent aphrodisiac drugs as mentioned above its efficacy increases many fold. Such preparation can be easily prepared and can be used as food supplement.

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==== Animal proteins and fats for virility ====

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=== Animal proteins and fats for virility ===

Egg increases virility as they provide indispensable nutrients needed for sperm formation. Pork and chicken meat has been used in some formulations. For vegetarians, a diet rich in protein with high nutritive value can be used.

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Fish has ''snigdha, madhura, vrimhaniya, balya'' and ''vrishya'' properties. ''Shaphari'' is a kind of small fish. ''Rohita'' is best among different varieties of fish. On basis of ''guna'', fish helps in improving sperm quality. Fish has various important constituents that are not synthesized by humans. Seafood, such as fish, crustacean and molluscan shellfish, and echinoderms, provides in the edible part (e. g., filet, abdominal muscle) many nutritional components beneficial for the human diet like n-3 polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids (PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), essential elements such as selenium and iodine, high potassium and low sodium concentrations, and the vitamins D, A, E, and B-12, as well as taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) among others. Omega-3 fatty acids are major components of neuronal, retinal, and myocardial membranes. Its protein is highly digestible due to low connective tissue content, and cholesterol content is also low in fish. Lean fish species are extremely low in fat content (<1 %), while fatty species are extremely rich in PUFAs.<ref>Oehlenschläger J Seafood: nutritional benefits and risk aspects, Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2012 Jun;82(3):168-76. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000108.</ref> Many of these are required for proper functioning of reproductive system of human. So, fish may help in improving sperm quality.

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==== Non medicinal agents and mental factors for ''vajikarana'' ====

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=== Non medicinal agents and mental factors for ''vajikarana'' ===

Mental factors play prime role in sexual behaviour and on this fact. ''Sankalpa'' (determination) is best aphrodisiac. Soumansaya (pleasant mental disposition) is the most important factor in ''garbha dharana'' or conception. While mentioning factors having beneficial role on sperm quality and quantity, mental factors have also been given importance. ''Harsha'' is termed as stimulating pleasure to initiate the sexual act by psychological means (Gangadhar commentary on 1-4/48). ''Harsha'' can be explained as the desire produced from ''Samkalpa'' (fantasy) leading to erection and ejaculation (Chakrapani commentary) .

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There is immense need that we should change lifestyle to have content mind. Meditation, Yoga and Ayurvedic spiritual principles can contribute a lot in this field.

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==== Explanation of ''Shukra'' ====

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=== Explanation of ''Shukra'' ===

From the different descriptions given regarding ''shukra'', its structure and functional identity can be understood in a broader sense. The term ''shukra'' represents androgens, semen and sperm itself according to the suitability of the contexts. In above context the seat of ''shukra'' has been told as whole body so it can be taken as hormone. It has been clarified that semen exists in whole and it comes out after sexual arousal. The main object and mean of sexual arousal is tactile stimulation. ''Shukra'' pervades all over the body seated on the ''sparshanendriya'' (tactile sensorium). The mind has inseparable union with ''tvak''. According to Gangadhara the ''shukra'' present in the ''tvak'' (''Tvaggatam Shukram'') by continuous erotic stimulation gets ejaculated. Sushruta compares the ejaculatory physiology with that of lactation since both are deeply associated with psychological factors in [[Nidana Sthana]] 10th chapter. Sushruta explains the physiology of ejaculation as a combined activity of ''vata'' which is heightened by the heat generated in the act of copulation as a result of the rubbing of female and male genital organs which dispels the ''shukra''.

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There are various parameters for normal ''shukra''. Beside physical parameters, the main criteria of normal ''shukra'' is that it should be able to procreate progeny.

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==== Factors affecting virility ====

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=== Factors affecting virility ===

Virilty of a person may vary from person to person. Normal variations are described in here. Two parameters are given by which virility of a person can differ. In first example sparrow is mentioned to indicate frequency of sexual activity whereas in second example elephant is mentioned to indicate large amount of semen ejaculation. With help of two examples, sparrow and elephant variation in frequency and amount of semen ejaculation has been mentioned. These two parameters are important for determining fertility rate.

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===== Frequency =====

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==== Frequency ====

Statistical estimates suggest that fecund ability rises sharply with frequency of intercourse. It is observed in a study that 94% of women aged 35 years and 77% women aged 38 years are conceived with regular intercourse for three years.<ref>Noord-Zaadstra BM, Looman CWN, Alsbach H, Habbema JDF, te Velde ER, Karbaat J. Delaying childbearing: effect of age on fecundity and outcome of pregnancy. BMJ. 1991;302:1361–5.</ref> The risk of erectile dysfunction in males aged among 30 to 75 years can be reduced by maintaining a regular frequency of intercourse.<ref>Zhanting Qin et al.Impact of frequency of intercourse on erectile dysfunction: a cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China, Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Impact Factor: 0.58). 06/2012; 32(3):396-9.</ref> Coital frequency is directly related to conception. Research shows that best sperm motility is found in semen emission every three to four days on average.<ref>MacLeod J, Gold RZ. The male factor in fertility and infertility. V. Effect of continence on semen quality. Fertil Steril.1952;3:297–315</ref> Intercourse every two to three days can maximize the overall chance of natural conception because spermatozoa can survive for up to seven days after insemination in the female reproductive tract.<ref>Perloff WH, Steinberger E. In vivo survival of spermatozoa in cervical mucus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964;88:439–42.</ref> So, regular coitus with 3-4 days gap should be regarded as optimum coital frequency.

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===== Volume =====

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==== Volume ====

With the example of elephant, the second parameter of semen volume is mentioned. According to WHO guidelines, the normal semen volume is 2.0–5.0 mL. Adequate volume of semen is required to carry male gametes into the female reproductive tract. Therefore, ejaculate volume is an important component of a semen analysis done to investigate male factor infertility.<ref>Roberts M, Jarvi K. Steps in the investigation and management of low semen volume in the infertile man. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2009;3(6):479-485.</ref>

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===== Season =====

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==== Season ====

Effect of seasonal and individual variation on virility of a person has been mentioned. A particular code of conduct based on season has been told for coitus frequency. Such regime helps to preserve the strength of the person. According to Chakrapani, in ''Hemanta'' (early winter) and ''Shishira Ritu'' (winter) virility of a person is more. So one can have coitus regularly as per their strength in these seasons. In ''Vasanta Ritu'' (spring) coitus on every third day, and in ''Varsha Ritu'' (rainy season) in fortnight is advocated.

Human conception follows a seasonal rhythm. <ref>Cagnacci, A. and Volpe, A. (1996) Influence of melatonin and photoperiod on animal and human reproduction. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 19, 382–411</ref> Seasonal modifications of reproductive functions <ref>Meriggiola, M.C., Noonan, E.A., Paulsen, C.A. and Bremner, W.J. (1996) Annual patterns of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and inhibin in normal men. Hum. Reprod., 11, 248–252.</ref> and semen parameters <ref>Levine, R.J., Brown, M.H., Bell, M. et al. (1992) Air-conditioned environments do not prevent deterioration of human semen quality during summer. Fertil. Steril., 57, 1075–1083.</ref> are documented in human males. Recent trends noted a decline in relation of seasonal variation and human conception rhythm. The increased industrialization leading to increase in people being shielded from both photoperiod (by indoor work) and temperature (by heating and air conditioning) might be the reason behind this.<ref>Till Roenneberg, Jürgen Aschoff, Annual Rhythm of Human Reproduction: II. Environmental Correlations, J Biol Rhythms September 1990 vol. 5 no. 3 217-239</ref>

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==== Cause of infertility ====

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=== Cause of infertility ===

In present era, even with availability of sophisticated diagnostics in approximately 15% to 30% of couples we are unable to find out the exact cause of infertility.<ref>Effectiveness and treatment for unexplained infertility, Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Fertil Steril. 2006 Nov; 86(5 Suppl 1):S111-4</ref> Ayurvedic Scholars included all conditions in which no evident cause of infertility was seen under broad term ''Prakritya''. The second important cause for infertility which is observed was affliction of diseases. A person who is afflicted with diseases gets debilitated and this result in decrease in fertility/virility. This is another important principle and it shows scientific vision of ancient Ayurvedic scholars.

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==== Adverse impact of infertility ====

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=== Adverse impact of infertility ===

Infertility is one of the major stress factors<ref>Cousineau TM, Domar AD. Psychological impact of infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21(2):293–308.</ref> similar to the intensity of a life-threatening illness.<ref>Cook E: Characteristics of the biopsychosocial crisis of infertility. J Counsel Dev 1987;65:465-471</ref>,<ref> Leiblum SR, Aviv A and Hamer R (1998) Life after infertility treatment: a long-term investigation of marital and sexual function. Hum Reprod 13, 3569–3574</ref> This distress and its treatment can affect various aspects of personal and family life.<ref>Burns LH and Covington SH (1999) Psychology of Infertility. In Burns LH and Covington SH (eds) Infertility Counselling.A Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians. Parthenon Publishing, New York, pp. 3–25.</ref> It also adversely affects the relationship in terms of support, satisfaction and communication,<ref>Lee T-Y, Sun G-H and Chao S-C (2001) The effect of an infertility diagnosis on the distress, marital and sexual satisfaction between husbands and wives in Taiwan. Hum Reprod 16, 1762–1767.</ref> increases anxiety, guilt, somatization and depression.<ref>Fassino S, Pièro A, Boggio S, Piccioni V and Garzano L (2002) Anxiety, depression and anger suppression in infertile couples: a controlled study. Hum Reprod 17, 2986–2994.</ref> It challenges one’s own beliefs and about the world.<ref>Domar A, Zuttermeister PC, Seibel M and Benson H (1992b) Psychological improvement in infertile women after behavioural treatment: a replication. Fertil Steril 58, 144–147.</ref> The social network is affected as well.<ref>Fekkes M, Buitendijk SE, Verrips GHW, Braat DDM, Brewaeys AMA, Dolfing JG, Kortman M, Leerentveld RA and Macklon NS (2003) Health-related quality of life in relation to gender to gender and age in couples planning IVF treatment. Hum Reprod 18, 1536–1543</ref> As purpose of life is terribly shattered person goes in depression and considers himself as useless.

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==== Selected ''vajikarana'' herbs and formulations currently in use ====

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=== Selected ''vajikarana'' herbs and formulations currently in use ===

''Shatavari, vidari, jeevanti, twakshiri, sita, godhuma, masha'' are referred to have aphrodisiac properties in recent ''nighantu''(glossaries of herbs). This is due to their inherent properties similar to ''shukra''.

#''Ikshu'': ''Ikshu'' or sugarcane has aphrodisiac properties and when cow is fed with sugarcane stalks than the milk will be more beneficial and rich in its aphrodisiac qualities.

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#''Yashtimadhu'': ''Madhuka'' is ''guru, madhura, snigdha'' in properties. So, by ''guna samanya'' it acts as good aphrodisiac. When given with ghee, honey and milk it forms good aphrodisiac formulation.

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==== Researches on herbs ====

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=== Researches on herbs ===

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===== ''Kapikachchu'' (Mucuna pruriens) =====

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==== ''Kapikachchu'' (Mucuna pruriens) ====

''Atmagupta'' or Mucuna pruriens has been established as potent aphrodisiac. M. pruriens efficiently recovers the spermatogenic loss induced due to Ethinyl estradiol administration by reduction in ROS, restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), regulation of apoptosis and increase in the number of germ cells. L-DOPA largely accounts for pro-spermatogenic properties of M. pruriens.<ref>Singh AP, Sarkar S, Tripathi M, Rajender S. Mucuna pruriens and its major constituent L-DOPA recover spermatogenic loss by combating ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis, PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054655. Epub 2013 Jan 22.</ref> In another study, seminal plasma of infertile patients, the levels of lipids, antioxidant vitamins, and corrected fructose were recovered after a decrease in lipid peroxides after treatment.<ref>Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Jaiswar SP, Ahmad S., Effect of Mucuna pruriens on semen profile and biochemical parameters in seminal plasma of infertile men, Fertil Steril. 2008 Sep;90(3):627-35. Epub 2007 Nov 14.</ref> Another study has clearly demonstrated the potency of M. pruriens to reduce the diabetic induced sperm damage induced by oxidative stress (OS).<ref>Suresh S, Prithiviraj E, Lakshmi NV, Ganesh MK, Ganesh L, Prakash S. Effect of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage in epididymal sperm of streptozotocin induced diabetic rat, J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jan 9;145(1):32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.030. Epub 2012 Oct 26.</ref> In a study oral administration of M. pruriens to infertile men for 3 months not only resulted in general improvement in sperm count and motility but it also led to significant reduction in the level of psychological stress.<ref>Shukla K et al., Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Mar 2010; 7(1): 137–144.</ref> Similar research studies of other drugs mentioned should be done to explore their aphrodisiac properties.

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===== ''Arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna) =====

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==== ''Arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna) ====

Extract of T. arjuna could be used as a natural antioxidant and enhancing the phytosterol content in clarified butter. Antioxidant supplementation drastically improves sperm count and sperm motility.<ref>Wirleitner B, Dietary supplementation of antioxidants improves semen quality of IVF patients in terms of motility, sperm count, and nuclear vacuolization,Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2012 Dec;82(6):391-8</ref> Some tribal communities of Assam, India use ''arjuna'' in cases of infertility as observed in an ethno-botanical survey.<ref>Deka j, Kalita J. C., Ethnobotanical important medicinal plants of Kamrup district, Assam, India, used in fertility treatment, International research journal of pharmacy, 2013, 4(3).</ref> ''Arjuna'' bark is widely used to decrease level of serum triglycerides and cholesterol, recover the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As an anti-ischemic agent, it relieves myocardial necrosis, modulates platelet aggregation. It is an effective antioxidant.<ref>Sumitra M, Manikandan P, Kumar DA, Arutselvan N, Balakrishna K, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R (2001). Experimental myocardial necrosis in rats: role of arjunolic acid on platelet aggregation, coagulation and antioxidant status. Mol. Cellular Biochem. 224: 135-142</ref> So, antioxidant properties of ''arjuna'' can be used to increase virility of a person.

All five ''Gana'' (''Shukrajanana, Jeevaniya, Brimhaniya, Balya'' and ''Kshira Samjanana'') as mentioned in [[Sutra Sthana]] 4th chapter are used in [[Vajikarana]]. The drugs mentioned in these ''gana'' are mainly ''madhura, sheeta, mridu'' in nature and so by similarity in properties, they increase sperm quality. For example, ''meda'' is included in ''jeevaniya'' and ''shukrajanana gana''; ''payasya'' in ''brimhaniya'' and ''balya''; ''jeevanti'' in ''jeevaniya''; ''shali'' and ''shashtika'' in ''stanyajanana''. These drugs may act on higher center of the brain, i.e. the hypothalamus and limbic system. This may have anti-stress, adaptogenic actions, which helps to alleviate anxiety associated with sexual desire and performance. Administration of ''vajikarana rasayana'' viz. C. orchioides, A. longifolia and M. pruriens ethanolic extracts modulates the level of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH.<ref>Chauhan NS, Saraf DK, Dixit VK. Effect of vajikaran rasayana herbs on pituitary–gonadal axis. Eur J Integr Med. 2010;2:89–91.</ref>

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==== Current ''vajikarana'' formulations ====

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=== Current ''vajikarana'' formulations ===

Experienced ayurvedic physicians create ''vajikarana'' formulations based upon the properties of individual ''dravya'' and needs of the individual. Identification of some drugs mentioned in the text is controversial. Some drugs are endangered species. So, practically it is not possible to prepare some formulations with same ingredients, but ''Pratinidhi'' or ''Abhava'' drugs can be used in place of such drugs.

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==== Further scope ====

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=== Further scope ===

Ayurvedic formulations for ''vajikarana'' lack research as per current scientific standards. Lack of standardization of formulations and difficulty in getting unadulterated herbs are realistic obstacles in the utility of ''vajikarana'' preparations. Randomized controlled trials of these formulations can be helpful in understanding efficacy, possible side effects and other treatment related parameters.

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~~=== Glossary ===~~

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~~#Alpaśukra (alpashukra, अल्पशुक्र) Oligozoospermia, Oligospermia : The term signifies decrease of the seminal fluid or decrease of the sperms than the normal.~~

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== References ==

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~~#ānūpā (anUpA, आनूप) -marshy lands.~~

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~~#aśvagandhā (AshvagandhA, अश्वगन्धा) Withania somnifera~~

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~~#atipicchilaṁśukra (atIpicchila shukra, अतिपिच्छल शुक्र) : Increased viscosity of semen : Semen with excessive slimy and viscous~~

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~~#ātmaguptā (AtmaguptA, आत्मगुप्ता) Mucuna prurita~~

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~~#avasādi (avasAdi अवसादि): Increased specific gravity of semen : increased specific gravity of semen and reduced motility.~~

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~~#bahalaṁ (bahalaM- बहलं) - Thick~~

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~~#balā (balA, बला) Sida cordifolia~~

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~~#bhayā (bhayA- भय) –Fear.~~

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#br̥ṁhaṇā (bRuMhaNA- बृंहण)- All procedures and treatment which increase body weight and strength is called Brimhana. This therapy is indicated for emaciated, weak and debilitated and for those in convalescence from chronic illness like mal-absorption, tuberculosis, and anemia. Is reverse of reduction.This therapy consisting of rich diet, tonic herbs, rest and relaxing lifestyle. Food prepared with ghee, butter, seasame oil, milk, raw sugar and joggery.

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~~#dāḍima (dADima, दाडिम) Punica granatum~~

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~~#dhānyaka (dhAnyaka, धान्यक) Coriandrum sativum~~

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~~#drākṣā (drAkShA, द्राक्षा) Vitis vinifera~~

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~~#gauravaṁ (gauravaM – गौरवं) - Heavy feeling, Heaviness.~~

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~~#ghr̥ta (ghRuta, घृत) Clarified butter~~

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~~#ghr̥taṁ (ghRutA- घृत) - Ghee : clarified buter~~

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~~#gōdhūma (godhUma, गोधूम) Triticum aestivum~~

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~~#gōkṣura (gokShura, र्गोक्षुर) Tribulus terrestris~~

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~~#hiṅgu (hi~ggu, हिङ्गु) Ferula narthex~~

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~~#ikṣu (ikShu, इक्षु) Saccharum officinarum~~

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~~#ikṣuvālikā (ikShuvAlikA इक्षुवालिका~~

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~~#jīraka (jIrakaM, जीरक) Cuminum cyminum~~

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~~#jīvaka (jIvaka, जीवक) Microstylis wallichi~~

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~~#kaṇṭakārI (kaNTakArI, कण्टकारी) Solanum surratense~~

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~~#kharjūra (kharjUra, खर्जूर) Phoenix sylvestris~~

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#klaibya (klaibya,क्लैब्य) Erectile dysfunction, impotent : A person’s persistent inability to perform sexual intercourse with the beloved, willing and submissive partner, though having persistent desire due to the lack of erection and if at all attempted ends into failure without ejaculation due to flaccidity of penis associated with breathlessness and perspiration

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#kṣaudrā (kShaudrA- क्षौद्र) Variety of honey collected from small type of honey-bee, its of brownish color.Its of ununctuous and astringent taste and cold in potency. It aggravates Vata and alleviator of Pitta.

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#kṣīṇaŚukra (KshiNashukra la (shukrala, शुक्रल : Severe Oligozoopsermia, Oilgospermia : The term signifies severe decrease of the seminal fluid or decrease of the sperms than the normalcy.

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~~#kṣīrā (ShIrA- क्षीर)- Milk; Synonym of Kshira.~~

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~~#madhuka (madhuka, मधुक) Glycyrrhiza glabra~~

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~~#maithuna maithuna मैथुन : It indicates sexual intercourse.~~

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~~#māṁsā (mAMsa, मांस) meat~~

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~~#marica (marica, मरिच) Piper nigrum~~

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~~#māṣa (mASha, माष) Phaseolus mungu~~

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~~#Ōtkārikā (otkArikA ; उत्कारिका) - Poultice- like preparation prepared with anti venomous drugs to soothe or aggravate and release the local doshas (impure body elements).~~

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~~#pāyasā (pAyasa, पायस) - a sweet made from rice, milk and sugar.~~

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~~#phalgū (phalgU, फल्गू) Ficus hispida~~

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~~#phēnila rētōdōṣa (Phenila retodoSha, फेनिल रेतोदोष) : Frothy semen : Semen with excessive froth~~

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~~#picchilaṁ (picchilaM- पिच्छिलं) - Slimy touch, gummy, Sticky, Sliminess~~

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~~#pippalī (pippalI, पिप्पली) Piper longum~~

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~~#praharṣakārī (praharṣakArA – प्रहर्षकारी)- Substances which produce sexual desire.~~

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~~#punarnavā (punarnavA, पुनर्नवा) Boerhaavia diffusa~~

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~~#pūpa (pUpa, पूप) a cake , a sort of bread~~

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~~#pūpalikā (pUpalikA, पूपलिका) a kind of sweet cake fried with ghee or oil~~

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~~#pūtiśukradōṣa (pUtishukradoSha पूतिशुक्रदोष) : Pyospermia : Semen with pus ( cells)~~

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~~#rāsnā (rAsnA, रास्ना) Pluchea lanceolata~~

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~~#rūkṣa rētōdōṣa (rUkSha retodoSha, रूक्ष रेतोदोष) Ruksha retodosha : educed viscosity of semen : Semen with reduced viscosity~~

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~~#śālī (shAlI, शाली ) : Oryza sativa~~

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~~#śara (shara,शर) Saccharum bengalense~~

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~~#śatāvarī (shatAvarI, शतावरी) Asparagus racemosus)~~

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#Sattvā (sattvA ; सत्व)-1.One of the three qualities (sattva, Rajas and Tamas) or constituents of everything in creation.2.Mind, harmony, Natural character, inborn dispostion, Consicious mind, Being in existence.

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~~#śr̥ṅgāṭaka(shRu~ggATaka, शृङ्गाटक) Trapa bispinosa~~

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~~#śukrajanana (shukrajanana, शुक्रजनन) : Spermatogenesis, The therapeutic measure having spermatogenic properties.~~

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~~#śukrakṣaya (shukrakShaya, शुक्रक्षय) decrease in quantity of semen~~

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~~#Śukrala (shukrala, शुक्रल) : The drugs which causes qualitative and quantitative increase in the Śukra(semen) are known as Śukrala.~~

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#Śukrarēcanā (shukrarecana , शुक्र रेचन) : The drugs which help in ejaculation of semen may be known as ŚukraRecaka. The Bṛhatī-fruit and women belong to this group. These are useful for the conditions like aspermia. Milk, Māṣa, Bhallātaka-fruit pulp, Āmalakī-fruit etc. are both Śukrala and ŚukraRecaka

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#śukraśōdhana (shukrashodana, शुक्रशोधन) Purification or bringing the normalcy : The therapy or medicines which have the potency of purifying the spermatogenesis there by producing normal and healthy sperm.

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~~#ŚukraStambhaka : The drugs which increase the time of sexual intercourse are known as ŚukraStambhaka. The best indication of these drugs is premature ejaculation.~~

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~~#śukravardhana (shukravardhana, शुक्रवर्धन) Qualitative and quantitative increase in the Śukra(semen)~~

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~~#tanu rētōdōṣa (tanu retodoSha, तनु रेतोदोष): Increased liquidity or thin semen : Very thin semen~~

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#vājīkaraṇa (vAjIkaraNa, वाजीकरण) One of the eight branches of [[Ayurveda]] which deals with management of defective sperm and spermatogenesis along with sexual potencification. In this, administration of therapeutic procedure or medicine is done which helps to have healthy progeny from generation to generation provides instant vigor, exhilaration, stallion sexual vigor and indulgence in sexual act without any obstacles, excessive affection of the women, enhance the body tissues and maintenance of the state of Semen even in the aged persons.

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~~#vidārī (vidArI, विदारी) Pueraria tuberosa~~

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~~#visraṁ (visraM- विस्रं) - A smell like that of raw meat, smell like blood ; An attribute of Pitta.~~

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~~#vivarṇa rētōdōṣa (vivarNa retodoSha, विवर्ण रेतोदोष) : Semen of abnormal color : Discolored semen.~~

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~~#vr̥ṣya (vRuShya, वृष्य) Substances that increases semen quality and quantity.~~

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~~#vyavāyā (vyavAyA- व्यवाय)- It indicates sexual intercourse/sexual regimen.~~

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