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|title=Purvarupeeya

|title=Purvarupeeya

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|keywords=Prodromal symptoms, dream, prognosis, disease, death

|keywords=Prodromal symptoms, dream, prognosis, disease, death, ayurveda, charak samhita

|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 5. Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms

|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 5. Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms

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Research studies are needed to prove that dreams can be used as markers of prognosis. Some studies have been conducted in this regard but we cannot make strong conclusion on basis of their results. In a few studies it has been shown that hormone levels affect dreams. One of the studies states that cortisol plays an important role in controlling the state of memory systems during sleep. High levels of cortisol, as are observed late at night and, typically in the context of REM sleep, disrupt normal hippocampal → neocortical communication, thereby interfering with forms of memory consolidation dependent upon this communication. At the same time, the content of dreams is also affected.<ref>Jessica D. Payne, Lynn Nadel, Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol, Learning Memory 2004 November; 11(6): 671–678. </ref> In neurological and psychological diseases dream disturbances are often seen but few other diseases have also been found to affect dreams. Patients with sleep apnea are reported to have intense nightmares.<ref>J. F. Pagel, Carol Kwiatkowski, The Nightmares of Sleep Apnea: Nightmare Frequency Declines with Increasing Apnea Hypopnea Index, J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 February 15; 6(1): 69–73. </ref> Abnormal dreams have also been reported in diseases like Relapsing fever,<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 165. </ref> Cardiac ischemia<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 28. </ref> etc. Certain drugs also affect dreams e.g. Anti malarial drug has shown to alter dream types.<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 203. </ref> This proves that at times diseases certainly affect dreams but intense research studies are needed to actually establish this fact on scientific grounds.

Research studies are needed to prove that dreams can be used as markers of prognosis. Some studies have been conducted in this regard but we cannot make strong conclusion on basis of their results. In a few studies it has been shown that hormone levels affect dreams. One of the studies states that cortisol plays an important role in controlling the state of memory systems during sleep. High levels of cortisol, as are observed late at night and, typically in the context of REM sleep, disrupt normal hippocampal → neocortical communication, thereby interfering with forms of memory consolidation dependent upon this communication. At the same time, the content of dreams is also affected.<ref>Jessica D. Payne, Lynn Nadel, Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol, Learning Memory 2004 November; 11(6): 671–678. </ref> In neurological and psychological diseases dream disturbances are often seen but few other diseases have also been found to affect dreams. Patients with sleep apnea are reported to have intense nightmares.<ref>J. F. Pagel, Carol Kwiatkowski, The Nightmares of Sleep Apnea: Nightmare Frequency Declines with Increasing Apnea Hypopnea Index, J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 February 15; 6(1): 69–73. </ref> Abnormal dreams have also been reported in diseases like Relapsing fever,<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 165. </ref> Cardiac ischemia<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 28. </ref> etc. Certain drugs also affect dreams e.g. Anti malarial drug has shown to alter dream types.<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 203. </ref> This proves that at times diseases certainly affect dreams but intense research studies are needed to actually establish this fact on scientific grounds.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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We shall now expound the chapter of premonitory symptoms related to signs of death.

Now we shall expound the chapter "Purvarupeeya"(Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms).Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

Thus spoke lord Atreya.[1-2]

==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Jwara'' leading to death ====

 

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Jwara'' leading to death ===

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If all prodromal symptoms of ''jwara'' manifests in severe degree, the person will die. If prodromal symptoms of any other disease also appear in the same way as described above, death of the patient is certain. [3-5]

If all prodromal symptoms of ''jwara'' manifests in severe degree, the person will die. If prodromal symptoms of any other disease also appear in the same way as described above, death of the patient is certain. [3-5]

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==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Rajayakshma'' leading to death ====

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Rajayakshma'' leading to death ===

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A person who in his dreams takes alcohol with demons and who is dragged by a dog leaves his life getting affected with severe fever. [6-9]

A person who in his dreams takes alcohol with demons and who is dragged by a dog leaves his life getting affected with severe fever. [6-9]

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==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Raktapitta'' leading to death ====

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Raktapitta'' leading to death ===

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In his dream, the man who sees himself adorned with red garlands, clad in red clothes, anointed with red dye and dragged by a continuously laughing woman will succumb to severe bleeding disorders. [10-11]

In his dream, the man who sees himself adorned with red garlands, clad in red clothes, anointed with red dye and dragged by a continuously laughing woman will succumb to severe bleeding disorders. [10-11]

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==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Gulma'' leading to death ====  

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Gulma'' leading to death ===  

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A person, who in his dreams sees hard and thorny creepers grown on his chest and then gets afflicted by ''gulma'', is surely going to die soon. [12-13]  

A person, who in his dreams sees hard and thorny creepers grown on his chest and then gets afflicted by ''gulma'', is surely going to die soon. [12-13]  

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==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Kushtha'' leading to death ====

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Kushtha'' leading to death ===

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In his dream, a man who sees himself naked, anointed with ghee, offering the oblations without the fire being lit, who has lotuses grown on his chest, will be taken away by death as afflicted by skin diseases.[14-15]

In his dream, a man who sees himself naked, anointed with ghee, offering the oblations without the fire being lit, who has lotuses grown on his chest, will be taken away by death as afflicted by skin diseases.[14-15]

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==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Prameha'' leading to death ====

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Prameha'' leading to death ===

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One who sees in his dreams, drinking various kinds of oily substances with Chandalas becomes affected by ''prameha'' and will die. [16-17]

One who sees in his dreams, drinking various kinds of oily substances with Chandalas becomes affected by ''prameha'' and will die. [16-17]

==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Unmada'' and ''Apasmara'' leading to death ====

=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Unmada'' and ''Apasmara'' leading to death ===

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If a healthy man sees such dreams, his life becomes doubtful, rarely does he escape. [27-40]

If a healthy man sees such dreams, his life becomes doubtful, rarely does he escape. [27-40]

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==== Dreams ====

=== Dreams ===

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It should be known that if a person having seen an inauspicious dream, sees without waking up another dream that is auspicious and of beneficial form just afterwards, he meets with good results. [44-46]

It should be known that if a person having seen an inauspicious dream, sees without waking up another dream that is auspicious and of beneficial form just afterwards, he meets with good results. [44-46]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.  

*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.  

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]

*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]

*It is difficult to predict dream consequences on the basis of time or order in which they were seen. Researches are needed to scientifically prove the validity of such dream prediction. [Verse No.44-46]

*It is difficult to predict dream consequences on the basis of time or order in which they were seen. Researches are needed to scientifically prove the validity of such dream prediction. [Verse No.44-46]

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=== References ===

== References ==

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