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<div style="text-align:justify;">The present chapter deals with various important aspects of physical body from diagnostic and therapeutic view. Starting with definition of the body, questions regarding causes of diseases or destruction of the body, increase or decrease of dhatus (body elements) and their treatment are well answered. Further, factors responsible for the growth of the body, promotion of strength, digestion and metabolism of ingested food (along with action of individual factor) are discussed. In the same context, the discussion regarding body wastes and body promoting elements appear subsequently. At the end, various queries related to foetal development, birth process, life span and time of death etc. are discussed. </div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">The present chapter deals with various important aspects of physical body from diagnostic and therapeutic view. Starting with definition of the body, questions regarding causes of diseases or destruction of the body, increase or decrease of dhatus (body elements) and their treatment are well answered. Further, factors responsible for the growth of the body, promotion of strength, digestion and metabolism of ingested food (along with action of individual factor) are discussed. In the same context, the discussion regarding body wastes and body promoting elements appear subsequently. At the end, various queries related to foetal development, birth process, life span and time of death etc. are discussed. </div>
'''Keywords''': ''sharira vichaya, dhatu,'' foetal growth, foetal development, factors affecting strength, lifespan, timely death, pre-term death.
'''Keywords''': ''sharira vichaya, dhatu,'' fetal growth, fetal development, factors affecting strength, lifespan, timely death, pre-term death.
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== Introduction ==
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This sixth chapter of the [[Sharira Sthana]], entitled [[Sharira Vichaya Sharira]](analytical study of the body) follows the chapter on ''[[ Purusha Vichaya Sharira]]'' (detail study of the ''purusha''). To achieve divine bliss and ''moksha'' (salvation) that the preceding chapter talked about, it is imperative that the body is free from diseases. To achieve a disease-free life, it is of utmost importance to know the components of the body and what vitiates them or affects them, thus, causing diseases or complete destruction of the body, etc.
This sixth chapter of the [[Sharira Sthana]], entitled [[Sharira Vichaya Sharira]](analytical study of the body) follows the chapter on ''[[ Purusha Vichaya Sharira]]'' (detail study of the ''purusha''). To achieve divine bliss and ''moksha'' (salvation) that the preceding chapter talked about, it is imperative that the body is free from diseases. To achieve a disease-free life, it is of utmost importance to know the components of the body and what vitiates them or affects them, thus, causing diseases or complete destruction of the body, etc.
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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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Now we shall expound the chapter "Sharira Vichaya Sharira" (Analytical study of the Human body). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Note: The knowledge of anatomy and physiology is given simultaneously under common heading of "sharira vichaya".
=== Advantages of analytical knowledge of body ===
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Gaining this analytical knowledge of the human body helps in improving the well-being of the individual. Only after gaining such knowledge of the body, one can know the factors that are healthy and unhealthy. Hence, the analytical knowledge of the body is advocated by the experts. [3]
Gaining this analytical knowledge of the human body helps in improving the well-being of the individual. Only after gaining such knowledge of the body, one can know the factors that are healthy and unhealthy. Hence, the analytical knowledge of the body is advocated by the experts. [3]
=== Definition of ''sharira'' and disequilibrium in body elements ===
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The body is defined as the site of manifestation of ''chetana'' (consciousness) and a union of factors derived from the five ''mahabhuta'' in a specific proportion that maintains equilibrium. When the relative proportions of these ''dhatus'' become inappropriate, then there is either discomfort or destruction of the body. The change in the relative proportion of the ''dhatu'' is either in terms of aggravation or diminution, either partially or completely. [4]
The body is defined as the site of manifestation of ''chetana'' (consciousness) and a union of factors derived from the five ''mahabhuta'' in a specific proportion that maintains equilibrium. When the relative proportions of these ''dhatus'' become inappropriate, then there is either discomfort or destruction of the body. The change in the relative proportion of the ''dhatu'' is either in terms of aggravation or diminution, either partially or completely. [4]
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=== Factors responsible for increase and decrease of body elements ===
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''Dhatus'' with mutually opposing properties simultaneously undergo increase and decrease. A factor which increases a particular ''dhatu'' can prove antagonist for the other ''dhatu'' of opposing properties.[5]
''Dhatus'' with mutually opposing properties simultaneously undergo increase and decrease. A factor which increases a particular ''dhatu'' can prove antagonist for the other ''dhatu'' of opposing properties.[5]
=== Objective of therapy ===
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While administering medicines and also while following regimens for the maintenance of health, the ultimate aim should be to balance the ''dhatus''. Even healthy persons should use the food with different ''rasa'' and ''guna'' alternately so as to maintain the equilibrium of ''dhatus''. After taking the food dominated by a particular attribute, it is desirable to neutralize its effects with regimens that have opposing attributes. [7]
While administering medicines and also while following regimens for the maintenance of health, the ultimate aim should be to balance the ''dhatus''. Even healthy persons should use the food with different ''rasa'' and ''guna'' alternately so as to maintain the equilibrium of ''dhatus''. After taking the food dominated by a particular attribute, it is desirable to neutralize its effects with regimens that have opposing attributes. [7]
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=== Guidelines for sustaining equilibrium ===
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For the maintenance of the equilibrium of ''dhatus'', one should follow proper activities and diet having properties opposite to the geographical condition, season and physical constitution of the individual; one should observe proper utilization of (physical and mental) capabilities as well as of available resources like time; One should avoid excess utilization of anything; one should not suppress manifested natural urges and should also avoid working beyond one’s capacity. [8]
For the maintenance of the equilibrium of ''dhatus'', one should follow proper activities and diet having properties opposite to the geographical condition, season and physical constitution of the individual; one should observe proper utilization of (physical and mental) capabilities as well as of available resources like time; One should avoid excess utilization of anything; one should not suppress manifested natural urges and should also avoid working beyond one’s capacity. [8]
=== Increase and decrease in body elements ===
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''Dhatus'' get increased by the habitual use of food preparations which are either of similar attributes or are dominated by such attributes. Habitual use of food having opposite qualities or having elements that are predominantly of opposing qualities reduces the ''dhatus''. [9]
''Dhatus'' get increased by the habitual use of food preparations which are either of similar attributes or are dominated by such attributes. Habitual use of food having opposite qualities or having elements that are predominantly of opposing qualities reduces the ''dhatus''. [9]
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=== Attributes ===
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Thus, the ''mamsa dhatu'' get increased predominantly with the consumption of meat, ''rakta'' by ''rakta'', ''meda'' by fat, ''vasa'' by muscle fat, ''asthi'' by ''tarunasthi''(cartilage), ''shukra'' by ''shukra''(semen) and ''garbha''(fetus) by ''ama garbha'', like egg. [10]
Thus, the ''mamsa dhatu'' get increased predominantly with the consumption of meat, ''rakta'' by ''rakta'', ''meda'' by fat, ''vasa'' by muscle fat, ''asthi'' by ''tarunasthi''(cartilage), ''shukra'' by ''shukra''(semen) and ''garbha''(fetus) by ''ama garbha'', like egg. [10]
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=== Management of disequilibrium of body elements ===
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Thus, the factors which increase or decrease all the ''dhatus'' have been described- some ''dhatu'' have been specifically described while for the rest of the ''dhatus'', the same principles should be extended. [11]
Thus, the factors which increase or decrease all the ''dhatus'' have been described- some ''dhatu'' have been specifically described while for the rest of the ''dhatus'', the same principles should be extended. [11]
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=== Factors responsible for growth ===
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#Absence of inhibiting factors for growth i.e. not indulging one in improper, less or excess utilization [12]
#Absence of inhibiting factors for growth i.e. not indulging one in improper, less or excess utilization [12]
=== Factors responsible for strength ===
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#Cheerful nature [13]
#Cheerful nature [13]
=== Factors responsible for transformation of food ===
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The attributes of the food ingredients assume the attributes of (or become homologous with) the tissue elements of the body during the process of transformation. These are not contradictory in nature. Whereas when they are contradictory, the properties of one act against the other resulting in the destruction of the body.[16]
The attributes of the food ingredients assume the attributes of (or become homologous with) the tissue elements of the body during the process of transformation. These are not contradictory in nature. Whereas when they are contradictory, the properties of one act against the other resulting in the destruction of the body.[16]
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=== Categories of attributes ===
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The physician who is always well versed with the various aspects of the entire body is highly proficient in [[Ayurveda]], and therefore can bring about happiness to the universe. [19]
The physician who is always well versed with the various aspects of the entire body is highly proficient in [[Ayurveda]], and therefore can bring about happiness to the universe. [19]
=== Questions by Agnivesha ===
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#What are the factors which are responsible for the maintenance of its life span? [20]
#What are the factors which are responsible for the maintenance of its life span? [20]
=== Different views regarding origin of foetus ===
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Of these, the view of Dhanvantari seems to be correct as all the organs like heart etc. are formed at the same time. Since the heart is the origin of all organs and also serves as developmental origin of certain organs, it is less likely that development of other organs precedes the formation of heart. Hence, it is evident that all organs are formed simultaneously. All organs are connected to each other. Hence the view of Dhanvantari seems to be quite correct. [21]
Of these, the view of Dhanvantari seems to be correct as all the organs like heart etc. are formed at the same time. Since the heart is the origin of all organs and also serves as developmental origin of certain organs, it is less likely that development of other organs precedes the formation of heart. Hence, it is evident that all organs are formed simultaneously. All organs are connected to each other. Hence the view of Dhanvantari seems to be quite correct. [21]
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=== Position of foetus ===
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#(Unexplainable) nature, etiology, signs, symptoms and treatment of certain diseases which do not have any basis corresponding to the aggravation of any of these ''dosha''. [27]
#(Unexplainable) nature, etiology, signs, symptoms and treatment of certain diseases which do not have any basis corresponding to the aggravation of any of these ''dosha''. [27]
=== Timely and untimely death ===
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One can also observe by means of ''pratyaksha'' (direct perception), manifestation of various factors depending upon their timely or untimely action. For example, such and such diseases, food, medicine, therapy and remission (can act timely or untimely). Even a layman talks in these terms, such as, it rains on time or otherwise. This thing holds true even for death and hence it can occur on time and even otherwise. One cannot say that it always occurs on time. If there was no untimely death, then the lifespan of every one would have been fixed and therefore the knowledge of wholesome and unwholesome objects would be of no use at all. The sources of knowledge like perception, inference and verbal testimony accepted in all scriptures would cease to be sources of knowledge because all these sources of knowledge clearly prove that there are factors which are conducive to longevity and otherwise. Hence, the statement of some sages that untimely death cannot occur is confined to words only and not to facts. [28]
One can also observe by means of ''pratyaksha'' (direct perception), manifestation of various factors depending upon their timely or untimely action. For example, such and such diseases, food, medicine, therapy and remission (can act timely or untimely). Even a layman talks in these terms, such as, it rains on time or otherwise. This thing holds true even for death and hence it can occur on time and even otherwise. One cannot say that it always occurs on time. If there was no untimely death, then the lifespan of every one would have been fixed and therefore the knowledge of wholesome and unwholesome objects would be of no use at all. The sources of knowledge like perception, inference and verbal testimony accepted in all scriptures would cease to be sources of knowledge because all these sources of knowledge clearly prove that there are factors which are conducive to longevity and otherwise. Hence, the statement of some sages that untimely death cannot occur is confined to words only and not to facts. [28]
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=== Lifespan of human beings ===
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#''atma sampat'' i.e. virtuous acts [29-30]
#''atma sampat'' i.e. virtuous acts [29-30]
=== Summary ===
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Thus ends the sixth chapter of [[Sharira Sthana]] on the ‘Analytical Study of the Body’ of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charaka.
Thus ends the sixth chapter of [[Sharira Sthana]] on the ‘Analytical Study of the Body’ of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charaka.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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*Human body is the site of manifestation of ''chetana'' (consciousness) and a union of factors derived from the five ''mahabhuta'' in a specific proportion that maintains equilibrium.
*Human body is the site of manifestation of ''chetana'' (consciousness) and a union of factors derived from the five ''mahabhuta'' in a specific proportion that maintains equilibrium.
*The factors responsible for the maintenance (of the normal span) of life are: ''prakriti sampat'' i.e. equilibrium of ''dosha'' in the constitution of individual, ''guna sampat'' i.e. excellence of the compactness of the body and excellence of hereditary qualities; and ''atma'' ''sampat'' i.e. virtuous acts. (30)
*The factors responsible for the maintenance (of the normal span) of life are: ''prakriti sampat'' i.e. equilibrium of ''dosha'' in the constitution of individual, ''guna sampat'' i.e. excellence of the compactness of the body and excellence of hereditary qualities; and ''atma'' ''sampat'' i.e. virtuous acts. (30)
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
Concept of analytical knowledge: The concept of analytical knowledge or detailed knowledge of the body elements that is described here is very much similar to the concept of systems biology in contemporary science.
Concept of analytical knowledge: The concept of analytical knowledge or detailed knowledge of the body elements that is described here is very much similar to the concept of systems biology in contemporary science.
A simple example that can illustrate System biology approach is of sickle cell anemia. This disease is caused by a single point mutation at position 6 of the β-chain of hemoglobin, which changes hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity and promotes polymerization under hypoxic conditions. However, individuals with sickle cell disease can present with variety of symptoms which include hemolysis, inflammation, cell adhesion and end-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction. Patients also experience intermittent painful episodes due to acute vascular obstruction. (Mack KA) <ref> Mack KA, Kato GJ. Sickle cell disease and nitric oxide: A paradigm shift? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006; 38(8): 1237–1243. </ref> There are many reasons for these different clinical manifestations, including the presence of other genes modifying the disease modifying genes (e.g., hemoglobin F). Hence, this example indicates that the knowledge of single gene is not sufficient to understand the disease. There is need to consider other genes or in other words other constituents of the body. (verse 3)
A simple example that can illustrate System biology approach is of sickle cell anemia. This disease is caused by a single point mutation at position 6 of the β-chain of hemoglobin, which changes hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity and promotes polymerization under hypoxic conditions. However, individuals with sickle cell disease can present with variety of symptoms which include hemolysis, inflammation, cell adhesion and end-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction. Patients also experience intermittent painful episodes due to acute vascular obstruction. (Mack KA) <ref> Mack KA, Kato GJ. Sickle cell disease and nitric oxide: A paradigm shift? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006; 38(8): 1237–1243. </ref> There are many reasons for these different clinical manifestations, including the presence of other genes modifying the disease modifying genes (e.g., hemoglobin F). Hence, this example indicates that the knowledge of single gene is not sufficient to understand the disease. There is need to consider other genes or in other words other constituents of the body. (verse 3)
=== Definition of ''sharira'' and disequilibrium in body elements ===
The consciousness manifested in the body is because of the soul. Since the soul does not have any dwelling place, the word bhuta is added to the term ''chetana sthana'' in the text.
The consciousness manifested in the body is because of the soul. Since the soul does not have any dwelling place, the word bhuta is added to the term ''chetana sthana'' in the text.
Even when ''dhatus'' are in their normal states before they come in contact with the aggravated ''dosha'', their equilibrium gets disturbed after the interaction with ''dosha''. The manifestation of diseases, therefore, is possible only when ''dhatu'' are either increased or decreased due to this interaction and the consequent imbalance.
Even when ''dhatus'' are in their normal states before they come in contact with the aggravated ''dosha'', their equilibrium gets disturbed after the interaction with ''dosha''. The manifestation of diseases, therefore, is possible only when ''dhatu'' are either increased or decreased due to this interaction and the consequent imbalance.
=== Factors responsible for increase and decrease of body elements ===
A factor which is responsible for the increase of one ''dhatu'' will at the same time reduce the dhatu of opposing properties. For example, milk increases ''kapha'' and ''shukra'' and at the same time, reduces ''vata'' etc. which are of opposing properties. With this view, the authors have used a verb ''bhavatah'', which is ''dvivachana'' (changes are happening in two ''dhatus'').
A factor which is responsible for the increase of one ''dhatu'' will at the same time reduce the dhatu of opposing properties. For example, milk increases ''kapha'' and ''shukra'' and at the same time, reduces ''vata'' etc. which are of opposing properties. With this view, the authors have used a verb ''bhavatah'', which is ''dvivachana'' (changes are happening in two ''dhatus'').
The concept explained here is simultaneous changes happening in two or more ''dhatus'' having mutually opposite attributes. An etiological or causative factor can cause an increase or decrease in different body elements disturbing the equilibrium. It is possible that the introduction of the etiological or causative factor may be catalyzing a cascade of events either independent or related to the ''dhatu'' bringing changes in them. This concept can be further understood by the concept of “cross-organ talks” explained in modern medicine. When there is change in status of any organ, there can be changes seen even in the distant organs through cellular networks. For example, adipose tissue is an endocrine organ. The tissue produces and secretes a wide range of mediators regulating adipose tissue function in an auto-/paracrine manner and important distant targets, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, the pancreas and the cardiovascular system. The enlargement of adipocytes leads to adipose tissue dysfunction and a shift in the secretory profile with an increased release of pro-inflammatory adipokines in metabolic disorders such as obesity. Adipose tissue dysfunction has a central role in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. (Romacho T).<ref> Romacho T, Elsen M, Röhrborn D, Eckel J. Adipose tissue and its role in organ crosstalk.Acta Physiol(Oxf).2014; 210(4):733-53. </ref>
The concept explained here is simultaneous changes happening in two or more ''dhatus'' having mutually opposite attributes. An etiological or causative factor can cause an increase or decrease in different body elements disturbing the equilibrium. It is possible that the introduction of the etiological or causative factor may be catalyzing a cascade of events either independent or related to the ''dhatu'' bringing changes in them. This concept can be further understood by the concept of “cross-organ talks” explained in modern medicine. When there is change in status of any organ, there can be changes seen even in the distant organs through cellular networks. For example, adipose tissue is an endocrine organ. The tissue produces and secretes a wide range of mediators regulating adipose tissue function in an auto-/paracrine manner and important distant targets, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, the pancreas and the cardiovascular system. The enlargement of adipocytes leads to adipose tissue dysfunction and a shift in the secretory profile with an increased release of pro-inflammatory adipokines in metabolic disorders such as obesity. Adipose tissue dysfunction has a central role in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. (Romacho T).<ref> Romacho T, Elsen M, Röhrborn D, Eckel J. Adipose tissue and its role in organ crosstalk.Acta Physiol(Oxf).2014; 210(4):733-53. </ref>
=== Objective of therapy ===
Medicines bring ''dhatus'' to normalcy only when administered in appropriate regimen (dose, duration, concomitant medicine/vehicle etc.) Further, they should be administered only till the ''dhatu'' is in an imbalanced state. Medicines administered without taking into account these factors do not produce adequate results.
Medicines bring ''dhatus'' to normalcy only when administered in appropriate regimen (dose, duration, concomitant medicine/vehicle etc.) Further, they should be administered only till the ''dhatu'' is in an imbalanced state. Medicines administered without taking into account these factors do not produce adequate results.
Consumption of food preparations dominated by one type of ''rasa'' may produce imbalance of ''dhatu'' and then it becomes necessary to counterbalance the changes by following regimens having opposite effects. For example, when a person eats food dominated by ''madhura'' (sweet) taste then ''kapha dosha'' gets aggravated and hence, he should follow regimens like exercise that produce opposite effects i.e. reduce ''kapha''. It is needless to say that even such regimens should not be taken in excess.(7)
Consumption of food preparations dominated by one type of ''rasa'' may produce imbalance of ''dhatu'' and then it becomes necessary to counterbalance the changes by following regimens having opposite effects. For example, when a person eats food dominated by ''madhura'' (sweet) taste then ''kapha dosha'' gets aggravated and hence, he should follow regimens like exercise that produce opposite effects i.e. reduce ''kapha''. It is needless to say that even such regimens should not be taken in excess.(7)
=== Guidelines for sustaining equilibrium ===
The concept has been explained with an example of obese individuals. For them, activity contrary to their “usual” place would be to sleep in an arid zone, activity contrary to time would be to exercise in spring season, and activity contrary to their make up or constitution would be to exercise at late nights.
The concept has been explained with an example of obese individuals. For them, activity contrary to their “usual” place would be to sleep in an arid zone, activity contrary to time would be to exercise in spring season, and activity contrary to their make up or constitution would be to exercise at late nights.
The concept of indulging in food and activities contrary to the environmental conditions and constitutions of an individual is a part of ''swasthavritta vidhi''. This has been described in (Cha.Su. 7/50, Cha. Vi. 5/23 and Cha.Su.26/8). Interestingly, the ''samprapti'' (pathogenesis) of ''rajayakshma'' includes all the above mentioned conditions as etiological factors. It would be worth exploring whether compliance/adherence to ''swasthavritta vidhi'' can prevent development of ''rajayakshma''. (8)
The concept of indulging in food and activities contrary to the environmental conditions and constitutions of an individual is a part of ''swasthavritta vidhi''. This has been described in (Cha.Su. 7/50, Cha. Vi. 5/23 and Cha.Su.26/8). Interestingly, the ''samprapti'' (pathogenesis) of ''rajayakshma'' includes all the above mentioned conditions as etiological factors. It would be worth exploring whether compliance/adherence to ''swasthavritta vidhi'' can prevent development of ''rajayakshma''. (8)
=== Increase and decrease in body elements ===
The nature of food ingredients that either increase or decrease ''dhatus'' is described. Only physical factors follow the above mentioned principles. Other factors like intellect etc. do not increase or decrease.
The nature of food ingredients that either increase or decrease ''dhatus'' is described. Only physical factors follow the above mentioned principles. Other factors like intellect etc. do not increase or decrease.
Such increase or decrease of ''dhatu'' by similar or dissimilar food ingredients takes place only when they are taken habitually. Occasional intake of such food does not cause any such effect.
Such increase or decrease of ''dhatu'' by similar or dissimilar food ingredients takes place only when they are taken habitually. Occasional intake of such food does not cause any such effect.
=== Attributes ===
The twenty attributes represent ten pairs of mutually opposite attributes. For example, effects of substances having one pair of such mutually contradictory attributes, viz. ''guru'' and ''laghu'' are described. These specific attributes directly take part in increase and decrease of ''dosha'' and body tissues.
The twenty attributes represent ten pairs of mutually opposite attributes. For example, effects of substances having one pair of such mutually contradictory attributes, viz. ''guru'' and ''laghu'' are described. These specific attributes directly take part in increase and decrease of ''dosha'' and body tissues.
''Samanya'' is considered in view of ''guna'' (attributes) as well as ''jati'' (form). For example the properties and form of meat are similar to ''mamsa dhatu''. Therefore meat can be used in condition of depletion of ''mamsa''. This is applied also in cases, where form is different but properties are similar, such as milk to ''shukra''. We already discussed about the effect of ''mamsa'' on ''mamsa dhatu''. The immature fetus in the form of egg etc. is a conglomeration of all ''dhatus''. Hence, the mother’s consuming a chicken egg would promote all the ''dhatus'' of her fetus. ''Karma'' (activities) here includes sedentary habit, anxiety etc.
''Samanya'' is considered in view of ''guna'' (attributes) as well as ''jati'' (form). For example the properties and form of meat are similar to ''mamsa dhatu''. Therefore meat can be used in condition of depletion of ''mamsa''. This is applied also in cases, where form is different but properties are similar, such as milk to ''shukra''. We already discussed about the effect of ''mamsa'' on ''mamsa dhatu''. The immature fetus in the form of egg etc. is a conglomeration of all ''dhatus''. Hence, the mother’s consuming a chicken egg would promote all the ''dhatus'' of her fetus. ''Karma'' (activities) here includes sedentary habit, anxiety etc.
=== Factors responsible for strength ===
The child is characterized by two fundamental facts- development and growth. Development refers to the increase of functional capacity in perfect form resulting from production of specialised tissues from unspecialised ones.
The child is characterized by two fundamental facts- development and growth. Development refers to the increase of functional capacity in perfect form resulting from production of specialised tissues from unspecialised ones.
Growth means increase in the size of various parts and organs of the body by multiplication of cells and intercellular components during the period commencing from fertilization to physical maturity. Changes in size are outcomes of three underlying cellular processes: (a) an increase in cell number or hyperplasia; (b) an increase in cell size or hypertrophy; and (c) an increase in intercellular substances or accretion. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and accretion all occur during growth. This increase in body size is limited by predetermined constitutional and hereditary factors. It is however influenced by exogenous factors like diet, climate, race, environment etc.<ref> Bose Kaushik. Concept of Human Physical growth and development.[monograph on the Internet].[last accessed on 15th October 2015]. Available from: http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/243/1/PDF+5.5CHAPTER+ON+HUMAN+GROWTH+FOR+CSIR.pdf </ref>
Growth means increase in the size of various parts and organs of the body by multiplication of cells and intercellular components during the period commencing from fertilization to physical maturity. Changes in size are outcomes of three underlying cellular processes: (a) an increase in cell number or hyperplasia; (b) an increase in cell size or hypertrophy; and (c) an increase in intercellular substances or accretion. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and accretion all occur during growth. This increase in body size is limited by predetermined constitutional and hereditary factors. It is however influenced by exogenous factors like diet, climate, race, environment etc.<ref> Bose Kaushik. Concept of Human Physical growth and development.[monograph on the Internet].[last accessed on 15th October 2015]. Available from: http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/243/1/PDF+5.5CHAPTER+ON+HUMAN+GROWTH+FOR+CSIR.pdf </ref>
=== Effect of season ===
During the year, there are periods of more rapid growth when growth rate is three times greater than the time of slowest growth. These periods of growth rate are synchronized with the seasons, and most rapid growth occurs in spring. (Marshall,1971)<ref> Marshall WA. Evaluation of growth rate in height over periods of less than one year. Arch. Dis. Child.46:414-420. </ref> Climate is also affected by high altitude, where people exposed to lower oxygen saturation in the air have a shorter stature.(Eveleth PB,1990).<ref> Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. </ref>
During the year, there are periods of more rapid growth when growth rate is three times greater than the time of slowest growth. These periods of growth rate are synchronized with the seasons, and most rapid growth occurs in spring. (Marshall,1971)<ref> Marshall WA. Evaluation of growth rate in height over periods of less than one year. Arch. Dis. Child.46:414-420. </ref> Climate is also affected by high altitude, where people exposed to lower oxygen saturation in the air have a shorter stature.(Eveleth PB,1990).<ref> Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. </ref>
=== Effect of nutrition ===
Malnutrition results in failure to grow, involving both weight and height. Increased growth hormone secretion occurs in protein malnutrition, presumably inducing mobilization of the remaining fat tissue. On the other hand, growth hormone levels are decreased in calorie malnutrition. When malnutrition is corrected, the affected children soon recover, and when this reversal occurs at a young age, most children will attain a complete remission in height and weight to equal their siblings before puberty. (Henriette A,1993)<ref name=ref7>Henriette A., Delemarre-van de Waal. Environmental Factors Influencing Growth and Pubertal Development: Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements.101 (SuppL 2): 39-44 (1993) </ref>
Malnutrition results in failure to grow, involving both weight and height. Increased growth hormone secretion occurs in protein malnutrition, presumably inducing mobilization of the remaining fat tissue. On the other hand, growth hormone levels are decreased in calorie malnutrition. When malnutrition is corrected, the affected children soon recover, and when this reversal occurs at a young age, most children will attain a complete remission in height and weight to equal their siblings before puberty. (Henriette A,1993)<ref name=ref7>Henriette A., Delemarre-van de Waal. Environmental Factors Influencing Growth and Pubertal Development: Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements.101 (SuppL 2): 39-44 (1993) </ref>
=== Effect of stress ===
Acute stress elicits a burst of growth hormone secretion, but chronic exposure to stress such as is caused by psychosocial deprivation suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulting in failure to grow. Once the stress is removed, growth hormone secretion rapidly returns to normal and then there is a period of catch-up growth. Postnatal growth is affected by nutrition, socioeconomic factors, disease, urbanization, psychosocial stress, and physical activity. There is a complex interaction among these different factors, and periods of retardation can be compensated by ensuing catch-up growth if the adverse factors are remedied. (Henriette A,1993)<ref name=ref7/>Excellence of mind:
Acute stress elicits a burst of growth hormone secretion, but chronic exposure to stress such as is caused by psychosocial deprivation suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulting in failure to grow. Once the stress is removed, growth hormone secretion rapidly returns to normal and then there is a period of catch-up growth. Postnatal growth is affected by nutrition, socioeconomic factors, disease, urbanization, psychosocial stress, and physical activity. There is a complex interaction among these different factors, and periods of retardation can be compensated by ensuing catch-up growth if the adverse factors are remedied. (Henriette A,1993)<ref name=ref7/>Excellence of mind:
The sympathetic nervous system regulates the function of the immune system primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector end point of this neuroendocrine system and, through the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple effects on immune cells and molecules.(Webster JI,2002)<ref> Webster JI, Tonelli L, Stenberg EM. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immunity. Annual Review of Immunology. Vol. 20: 125-163.2002 </ref>. (13)
The sympathetic nervous system regulates the function of the immune system primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector end point of this neuroendocrine system and, through the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple effects on immune cells and molecules.(Webster JI,2002)<ref> Webster JI, Tonelli L, Stenberg EM. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immunity. Annual Review of Immunology. Vol. 20: 125-163.2002 </ref>. (13)
=== Factors responsible for transformation of food ===
''Ahara parinamakara bhava'' (factors responsible for the process of digestion) should be considered in both the ways i.e. ''prakrita'' and ''vikrita''. Food consumed in the appropriate manner (by considering ''ahara parinamakara bhava'') leads to the production of ''param sukshma ahara rasa'' which in turn leads to good health. Conversely, improperly formed ''ahara rasa'' may in turn become the cause for the production of various diseases.(15)
''Ahara parinamakara bhava'' (factors responsible for the process of digestion) should be considered in both the ways i.e. ''prakrita'' and ''vikrita''. Food consumed in the appropriate manner (by considering ''ahara parinamakara bhava'') leads to the production of ''param sukshma ahara rasa'' which in turn leads to good health. Conversely, improperly formed ''ahara rasa'' may in turn become the cause for the production of various diseases.(15)
The ''ahara'' which has undergone the complete digestion process only is able to provide nutrition to the body. (Cha.chi 15/5). Improperly formed ''ahara rasa'' (not having undergone the proper digestion process) cannot do the nourishment of ''dhatu''. (16)
The ''ahara'' which has undergone the complete digestion process only is able to provide nutrition to the body. (Cha.chi 15/5). Improperly formed ''ahara rasa'' (not having undergone the proper digestion process) cannot do the nourishment of ''dhatu''. (16)
=== Foetal development ===
According to contemporary science, it has been observed that after the formation of the zygote, the cells further divide and form into a ball of cells called blastocyst. Once this blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. The blastocyst sticks tightly to the wall of the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother's blood. Further the embryonic cells multiply and start to take on specific functions. This is called differentiation. Blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells all develop. Simultaneously the brain, spinal cord, heart and gastrointestinal tract begin to develop. Further the arm, leg buds, cranial nerves, main vessels, lungs and other begin to develop. <ref> Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Fetal growth and development. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds.Williams Obstetrics. </ref> <ref> Ross MG, Ervin MG, Novak D. Placental and Fetal Physiology. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. </ref>
According to contemporary science, it has been observed that after the formation of the zygote, the cells further divide and form into a ball of cells called blastocyst. Once this blastocyst reaches the uterus, it buries itself in the uterine wall. The blastocyst sticks tightly to the wall of the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother's blood. Further the embryonic cells multiply and start to take on specific functions. This is called differentiation. Blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells all develop. Simultaneously the brain, spinal cord, heart and gastrointestinal tract begin to develop. Further the arm, leg buds, cranial nerves, main vessels, lungs and other begin to develop. <ref> Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Fetal growth and development. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds.Williams Obstetrics. </ref> <ref> Ross MG, Ervin MG, Novak D. Placental and Fetal Physiology. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. </ref>
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==References ==
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