Changes

}}

}}

==Etymology and derivation ==

== Etymology and derivation ==

The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref>  Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref>  Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Stahna 4/28]  

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Stahna 4/28]  

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 peshi in female body.These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 peshi in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

== Importance in diagnosis ==

== Importance in diagnosis ==

Mamsa is one among the ten vital seats (dashapranayatana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira  Sthana]] 7/9]. Thus it is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual.  

Mamsa is one of the ten vital seats (dashapranayatana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira  Sthana]] 7/9]. Thus it is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual.  

Any vitiation or direct injury to the channels of transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha strotas) can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]

Any vitiation or direct injury to the channels of transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha strotas) can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]

* Fatigue  

* Fatigue  

* Decreased tone of blood vessels especially in the arterial walls          [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 17/65]

* Decreased tone of blood vessels especially in the arterial walls          [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 17/65]

===== Signs of increase =====

===== Signs of increase =====

* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra  Sthana 17/79]

* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra  Sthana 17/79]

* Diabetic carbuncles(prameha pidaka) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 17/82]

* Diabetic carbuncles(prameha pidaka) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 17/82]

*Shotha(Swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 18/7]

*Shotha(Swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 18/7]

*Obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 4/8]

*Obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 4/8]

*Skin disorders (kushtha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 5/3]

*Skin disorders (kushtha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 5/3]

*wasting diseases (shosha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 6/8]

 

*Wasting diseases (shosha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana  Sthana]] 6/8]

*Nodule (granthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 12/81]

*Nodule (granthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 12/81]

=== Importance in prognosis ===

=== Importance in prognosis ===

* Ulcer (Vrana) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]

* Ulcer (Vrana) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]

* Proper musculature (samhanana) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]  

* Proper musculature (samhanana) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]  

* A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food, and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 21/19].

* A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food, and muscle metabolism are in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 21/19].

* The qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to diminution of strength (bala kshaya) [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and vitality (oja kshaya)[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.

* The qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to diminution of strength (bala kshaya) [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and vitality (oja kshaya)[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.

These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.

These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.

===Composition of muscles ===

=== Composition of muscles ===

Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.

Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.

Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>  

Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carry oxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>  

The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.  

The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.  

===== Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) =====

===== Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) =====

* Purpose:  

* '''Purpose''':  

*Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle  

*Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle  

==== Culture tests ====

==== Culture tests ====

=====Muscle mass biopsy =====

* Muscle mass biopsy  

==== Electro-diagnostic techniques====  

==== Electro-diagnostic techniques====  

=====Electromyography (EMG)=====

'''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''

 

*'''Purpose''' :

*Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

 Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

    

    

 Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.  

*Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.  

2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)

'''2.Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''

Purpose –

'''Purpose:'''

 Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies

*Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies

 It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.

* It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.

D. Hematological & Serological investigation

==== Hematological & Serological investigation ====

    

    

1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies

#Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies

2. Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of muscle.  

#Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of muscle.  

3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.

#Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.

4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis  

#Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis  

E. Genetics

==== Genetics ====

   

   

1. Exome sequencing  

*'''Exome sequencing'''

 

Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:

==== Hemorrhagic changes in muscles ====

   

   

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>HåvardBjørgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle,Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>HåvardBjørgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

   

   

===List of theses done===

===List of theses ===

1.Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

1.Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

==More information ==

== More information ==

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]  

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]    [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]

== References ==

References: