Changes

==Current researches ==

==Current researches ==

Contemporary approach:  

Contemporary approach:  

The muscles in human body are categorized in three main categories:  

The muscles in human body are categorized in three main categories:

1. Skeletal muscles  2. Smooth muscles 3. Cardiac muscles  

About 40 per cent of the human  body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle. ()

1. Skeletal muscles   

 

2. Smooth muscles  

 

3. Cardiac muscles

About 40 per cent of the human  body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 per cent is smooth and cardiac muscle.

 

Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.  

Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.  

In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and hundred times longer.  

In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and hundred times longer.  

The fundamental principles of contraction are almost same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.  

The fundamental principles of contraction are almost same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.  

These can be referred as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.

These can be referred as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.

Composition of muscles:

'''Composition of muscles:'''

Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.

Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.

Myoglobin is a protein presentin sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Itsfunction is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecularweight of 17,000.  

Myoglobin is a protein presentin sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Itsfunction is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecularweight of 17,000.  

The components can be referred as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.  

The components can be referred as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.  

Stem cells:

 

'''Stem cells:'''

 

Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cell having capability to differentiate into muscle cells. Fusion of these myoblasts are specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.  

Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cell having capability to differentiate into muscle cells. Fusion of these myoblasts are specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.  

In normal and undamaged muscle, these satellite cells are quiescent and do not involve in cell division. But just after facing mechanical strain, proliferates as skeletal myoblasts prior to undergoing differentiation.  

In normal and undamaged muscle, these satellite cells are quiescent and do not involve in cell division. But just after facing mechanical strain, proliferates as skeletal myoblasts prior to undergoing differentiation.  

Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.

Myoblasts are later differentiated and terminated into last category of – Myocytes. These are long, elongated tubular embedded with specific property within them.

This can be referred in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.  

 

Embryonic development of muscles:

This can be referred in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.

'''Embryonic development of muscles:'''

 

Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.  

Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.  

Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control and final appearances.  

Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control and final appearances.  

Myogenesis in a nutshell: The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.

 

'''Myogenesis in a nutshell:'''

The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.

 

• Myoblasts  proliferate under influence of Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.  

• Myoblasts  proliferate under influence of Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.  

• Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.

• Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.

• The myotubes are fused together under influence of calcium ions  resulting inMyogenesis.

• The myotubes are fused together under influence of calcium ions  resulting inMyogenesis.

• Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.

• Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.

• Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.  

 

Functions:  

• Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.

'''Functions:'''

 

About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three forth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.  The muscle proteins called actin and myocin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyocin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.  

About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three forth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.  The muscle proteins called actin and myocin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyocin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.  

Diagnostic investigation methods:

 

'''Diagnostic investigation methods:'''

 

A. Radiological investigation  

A. Radiological investigation  

1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)  

1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)  

Purpose –

 

'''Purpose –'''

 

 Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle  

 Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle  

 Quantification of morphological measure of microvasculature based on segmented RBC

 Quantification of morphological measure of microvasculature based on segmented RBC

 RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping  

 RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping  

 Tissue oxygenation

 Tissue oxygenation

2. Muscle ultrasound  

2. Muscle ultrasound  

Purpose –

 

'''Purpose –'''

 

 Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in pediatric population.

 Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in pediatric population.

C. Electro-diagnostic techniques  

1. Electromyography (EMG)

 

Purpose –  

 Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

 

'''C. Electro-diagnostic techniques'''

 

'''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''

 

'''Purpose –'''

 Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

 Assessment of healthy status of Nerves and Muscles.  

 Assessment of healthy status of Nerves and Muscles.  

2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)

 

Purpose –

'''2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''

 

'''Purpose –'''

 

 Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies

 Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies

 It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.

 It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.

D. Hematological & Serological investigation

 

'''D. Hematological & Serological investigation'''

1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies

1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies

2. Aldolase – Identifies weakness of muscle.  

2. Aldolase – Identifies weakness of muscle.  

3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.

3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.

4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis  

4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis  

E. Genetics  

'''E. Genetics'''

1. Exome sequencing  

1. Exome sequencing  

Purpose –

 

'''Purpose –'''

 

 Identification of genetic variations at base pair resolution throughout human genome which targets proportion of DNA which codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.  

 Identification of genetic variations at base pair resolution throughout human genome which targets proportion of DNA which codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.  

Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:  

 

• A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanised changes. An important result was the significant down regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.  

'''Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:'''

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanised changes. An important result was the significant down regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.

===List of theses done===

===List of theses done===

1.Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

1.Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

==More information ==

==More information ==

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]  

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]  

[[ Grahani Chikitsa]]

[[ Grahani Chikitsa]]

References:

References: